Abstract
This paper discusses closed-end mutual funds. It looks at why most investors involved with mutual funds opt for open-end funds for investments. It describes the many types of mutual funds and contends that in contrast with an open-end mutual funds, a so-called closed-end mutual fund is not a mutual fund at all.

From the Paper
"The pricing of securities in the financial markets is, in theory, based on the function of the efficient markets hypothesis. The efficient markets hypothesis among other things assumes that all investor always act rationally in relation ..."

Tags:Mutual, Funds, Closed-End, Open-End, Efficient, markets

Abstract
The paper explains the basic distinction between open and closed belief systems; one type of belief system embraces new ideas and new means of approaching matters while the other type of belief system rejects this. However, the paper discusses the essential differences between the types of people who may be called 'closed-minded' versus those who may be described as 'open-minded'. Specifically, the paper explains that people with closed-belief systems tend to be dogmatic and troubled by high anxiety; by contrast, those who are more open-minded are not plagued by dogmatism and are not as anxious. The paper examines the literature and relates that it does not appear to support the notion that some groups in society are more likely than other groups to be prone to closed-minded thinking. Additionally, the paper argues that individuals who are at a lower stage in their moral development are often more susceptible to falling victim to closed-thinking than those who are more evolved in this regard. Finally, the paper looks at the communication problems which arise from closed belief systems and the cognitive processing difficulties which arise when someone is either too close-minded or too open-minded. The paper concludes that thinking clearly involves following a middle path between the two extremes.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at open and closed belief systems and discuss the differences between them. Naturally, the basic distinction between the two - one type of belief system embraces new ideas and new means of approaching matters while the other type of belief system rejects this - is easy enough to discern. However, the next several pages will discuss the essential differences between the types of people who may be called `closed-minded' versus those who may be described as `open-minded'. Specifically, people with closed-belief systems tend to be dogmatic and troubled by high anxiety; by contrast, those who are more open-minded are..."

Tags:scientific, reasoning, minds

Abstract
This paper discusses the respective benefits of open and closed source software from a cost-effectiveness perspective for the RMIT University. The paper describes the background of the problem, a brief overview of open and closed source applications, and presents a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. An analysis of the findings is followed by a summary of the research and recommendations for the university in the conclusion.

Introduction
Background and Overview
Open Source Applications
Closed Source Applications
Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Open source software can be purchased for little or no cost, and future upgrades are also obtainable free of charge (Wayner, 2000; Lopez, 2004). Rechtman points out that open-source applications such as Gnumeric, an Excel-like spreadsheet, or Ximian, a desktop organizer that combines features of Palm OS and Microsoft Outlook, cost virtually nothing to install. "In fact," he says, "they are freely available for download from the Internet" (p. 67). According to Kim, educators in particular stand to gain from open source alternatives. "More importantly," she adds, "they may also find a new and improved way to teach" (emphasis added) (p. 15). This was also the finding of Cowpland who reports that a partnership between Corel and three academic institutions in the Ottawa area resulted in the development of pilot programs using Corel LINUX OS and WordPerfect 8 for Linux: "While the project is just finishing its first year, administrators have noticed an increase in the desire of their students to continue pursuing computer technology in upper years. They anticipate rolling out the program on a potentially wider scale for next year" (p. 62)."

Tags:novell, nos, microsoft, operation, systems, microsoft, office, software, platform, lan

Abstract
The paper provides research that supports the thesis that federal courthouse doors should remain closed to those on death row, to ensure finality is reached on all issues unlikely to succeed in the courthouse. The paper discusses how if criminal offenders have access to adequate counsel during their preliminary hearings, there is no reason to assume they require additional petitions at the federal or the state level.

From the Paper
"In the U.S. the issue of equality before the law has always been one of primary importance. This is evidenced by the fact that all citizens, even those accused of federal crimes warranting death penalty, have an opportunity to appeal with new information (Snyder, 1998). All criminals regardless of their crimes however, are provided equal opportunity and access to counsel and legal advisors, even if court appointed. There are those however, that argue federalism concerns arise under "equal protection rationale" (Snyder, 1998:2211). Under this theory, legal researchers note that forcing state representatives to provide counsel and additional appeals may decrease the federal governments "intrusion on state power" (Snyder, 1998:2211). This suggests death row inmates who have additional counsel at the state level will "have fewer habeas petitions" as those petitioning will have significant time and support to substantiate and pursue any claims they have about their case (Snyder, 1998:2212)."

Tags:preliminary, hearings, counsel, sentencing, finality

Abstract
This is a college level book review essay which discusses the inner workings of the Supreme Court as told from one of its own. Edward Lazarus was a clerk for Judge Blackmun and got to see first hand, exactly what goes on in the U.S. Supreme Court.

From the Paper
"Prior to my reading of Edward Lazarus' Closed Chambers (New York: Penguin Books, 1998), I held your typical first year law student ideals about the prestige and lawfulness of those unselfish caretakers of the United States Constitution, more commonly referred to as our United States Supreme Court Justices. That is, I believed that there was no political spin or other tempting thought which could provoke a Supreme Court Justice to venture off his/her path of maintaining the integrity of our Constitution and our judicial system. However, by the time I finished reading this book, Edward Lazarus had me doubting my idealistic beliefs in this regard."

Tags:book, court, death, justice, lazarus, penalty, review, supreme

Abstract
The paper relates that the issue of security has become an essential matter for the world's community, while human rights also represents the new doctrine which must at all time be taken into account. The paper considers the unclear legal status of Guantanamo, the negative image it has engendered of the United States as well as its inhumane and abusive treatment of the prisoners. The paper emphasizes that the issue of Guantanamo is essential for the politics of the US and can define the viability of the American democracy. The paper therefore concludes that it is essential that Guantanamo be closed and that a successful solution be found that can cater to the need for security in the US and abroad, while at the same time respecting human rights.

From the Paper
"The history of the Guantanamo Bay area is rather old and it includes acts from 1903 when the United States signed a lease contract with Cuba that would enable the US to use part of the Cuban territory in order to ensure protection for both the US and for the Cuban land (PBS, 2006). However, as the decades pasted, the facilities came to be used as a place for detainees of Cuban and Haitian origin that broke the law. Finally, the issue of terrorism is now considered as one of the most important matters of the international scene and the United States views it as a reason which would excuse any type of measure undertaken at the legal level as well as at the practical one. Therefore, the country is today in a rather delicate position, that of trying to cater both for the need of security and for the obligation to respect human rights."

Tags:human, rights, democracy, security, abuse

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of making changes on a closed-economy IS-LM model, first by testing government spending shock, then monetary policy shock The paper finds that a government-spending shock tends to have a positive effect on aspects of the consumer economy, increasing consumer spending, increasing private saving, and in general has an expansionary effect, while an increase in the money supply can have a similar effect.

From the Paper
"A government-spending shock tends to have a positive effect on aspects of the consumer economy, increasing consumer spending, increasing private saving, and in general has an expansionary effect. Government spending increases the marginal utility of spending. In terms of consumer behavior, habit formation keeps the system operating in a relatively steady way with a slight increase in spending and saving, as noted, though over a longer period of time, the effect would be increased. It is not clear of the effect is because of a crowding-in effect or some other force. Though the crowding-in effect is usually considered the solution. The government spending shock in this instance stands at 0.20 percentage points of government consumption. A government spending shock is a demand shock and has the effect of increasing desired consumer behavior based on the fact that the model used for analysis is a static model."

Tags:economy, government, spending

Abstract
This paper discusses how an open society, as Karl Popper defines it, at its core is simply envisioned as a civilization in which the government progresses based on criticism sparked by individuals and their thoughts. In comparison, it looks at how Popper believes that in Plato's closed society, change of leadership would more than likely involve violence and how Plato's viewpoints are a way for dictators to hold people back.

From the Paper
"In the non threatening environment of an open society, it is seen as likely for people to live peacefully, with the possibility of debates, but limiting them from developing into disputes. Popper backs this assertion up by saying, "[O]ne of the best sense of 'reason' is openness to criticism." As individuals discuss their ideals, progress is continual, with additions and alterations to social policy persisting; it is expected that this progress grants the authority to oust political leaders and their practices in a peaceful and intelligent manner. Bullying through violence and intimidation does not align itself with an open society."

Tags:enemies, philosophy, republic

From the Paper
"What rights under law should adopted children be given concerning obtaining information about their biological parents? This paper endeavors to formulate an answer to this question by examining the literature on open and closed adoption.

To this end, the paper first explores empirical research and conceptual arguments in favor of open adoption; this exploration is followed by an examination of research and arguments in favor of closed adoption. The final section of the paper analyzes both arguments and formulates a conclusion concerning open and closed adoptions in general as well as concerning the open adoption principle regarding whether adoptees should have the legal right to obtain information about their biological parents in particular."

From the Paper
"Closed Captioned Television
There are approximately 24 million hearing impaired individuals in the United States (Elliott D16). Before July of 1993, these people did not have equal access to the entertainment industry or to the Public Broadcasting System. Closed captioning involves putting the spoken portions of a television program or movie into words printed on the screen; this is similar to the printed subtitles on foreign movies (Closed-Caption Requirement 2215). Closed captioning of television programs was not mandated by law and the decoders were not readily accessible before 1993. Beginning in the late 1970s, closed captioning was available on a limited number of programs and videos to individuals with decoders (Closed-captioning 93). With the passage of HR4267 on July 12, 1990, and S1974 on August 2, 1990, closed captioning is.."