Abstract
The field of genetic engineering has progressed tremendously over the last decade. Ever since the 1997 cloning of the first mammal, Dolly, the field of genetic engineering has been subject to criticism both on moral and ethical grounds. The author of the paper attempts to give a brief overview of cloning and specifically, pharming, the use of genetic engineering to insert genes into host animals or plants that would otherwise not posses those genes and therefore produce useful pharmaceuticals.

Outline:
Introduction
Cloning
Pharming
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Fundamentally, cloning is an asexual process wherein all the genetic material of the offspring is derived from a single parent nucleus resulting in the creation of a genetic duplicate of the parent. In nature, asexual reproduction is restricted mainly to unicellular organisms and some varieties of plants. The cloning process involves nuclear transfer wherein nuclear material obtained from the donor cell is inserted into an enucleated oocyte to form a zygote, which can be implanted into a surrogate mother. Since this is essentially an asexual form of reproduction it has its drawbacks when we envision obtaining entire animal populations from such a technique. First and foremost is the negative effect on genetic diversity. [Scientific American] As we know, genetic diversity and evolution are the key for survival in the long run. By creating an entire population with the same genetic material we run the risk of loosing some of the genes permanently. (inbreeding depression) This practice also endangers the whole species to some disease which would wipe out the entire population which lacks gene diversity and hence the development of resistance. In sexual reproduction however, genetic recombination occurs and chromosomal crossover ensures different combination of genes in the resultant offspring. [Scientific American] Biological variation is the key to the survival of a species and hence cloning is not an effective method for the long-term survival of any species. However, there are other applications for cloning technique, which could be beneficially used for humanity."

Tags:cloning pharmacy, genetic engineering, pharmaceutical, species plants animals asexual ethics morals controversy biological

Abstract
The paper looks at pharmacy law in Ontario, focusing mostly upon the Pharmacy Act of 1991. The paper explores how the act protects the general public from incompetent or unscrupulous health care providers, and the paper also explores what fiduciary duties are owed the public by health care providers. Additionally, some time is devoted to looking at how certain sections of the 1991 act explicitly protect the interests of ordinary Ontarians.

From the Paper
"Questions a. What are the Specific contents of the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991? Answer: the specific contents are several, but they include guidelines for the appointment and composition of the Accreditation Committee, prohibitions against individuals holding themselves out as licensed when they are not, the penalties for violating various sections and sub-sections, and guidelines for the terms of office, eligibility requirements, election dates, nomination procedures, record-keeping for..."

Tags:pharmacy, law, questions

Abstract
This paper presents a personal statement for an applicant to pharmacy school. In the essay, the applicant describes why she wants to pursue this study and career path. Additionally, she describes what she sees as the role of pharmacists, and her own personal experiences with pharmacists who helped her sick mother.

From the Paper
"Thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to consider my application for enrolment; it is much appreciated. For as long as I can remember, I have been interested in a career in pharmacy - not least of all because pharmacists serve as important intermediaries who give patients the things they need while helping doctors perform their duties to the optimum. Beyond that, my own mother feel desperately ill when I was a child and I was present the whole time as caring professionals - including one exemplary pharmacist - nursed her back to health. Needless..."

Tags:school, application, pharmacy

Abstract
The writer relates that entering a profession is a rite of passage, and pharmacy school in particular is itself a rite of passage. The writer discusses how it means becoming a blank slate and committing to a whole lifestyle founded on compassion, scholarly excellence, professionalism, lifelong learning and continual self-improvement. The writer explains that as a science, pharmacology is at the pinnacle of applied science because it impacts individuals' lives deeply, sometimes spelling the difference between dying today, living as an invalid or living longer to go on to experience the best days of one's life.

From the Paper
"Pharmacy school is a rite of passage. It means committing to a whole lifestyle founded on compassion, scholarly excellence, professionalism, lifelong learning and continual self-improvement. As a science, pharmacology is at the pinnacle of applied science because it impacts individuals' lives deeply. Technological advances have revolutionized the practice of pharmacy adding more options in treatments and overall improvement in quality of life. Nonetheless the professional integrity of graduates has come into question mainly because the issue of professionalism has not been specifically..."

Tags:pharmacy, admissions, essay

Abstract
A four page application statement for pharmacy school by a Farsi-speaking Iranian studying in the United States.

From the Paper
"As a young child in Iran, I was aware of the fact that my mother was often unwell and required multiple medications to assist in improving her physical health and wellbeing. I was fascinated and frightened by the fact that she would respond to a medication prescribed by her physician for a period of time, only to relapse and experience a period of decline before a new pharmaceutical preparation restored her health to some extent. This early encounter with what I then..."

Tags:application statement, pharmacy school

Abstract
This paper discusses the acquisition of a pharmacy information system and the many issues and barriers that are associated with implementing one.

From the Paper
"The selection and acquisition of an information technology application clinical system such as a pharmacy dispenser would be purchased primarily for patient safety reasons. It would ensure that the right medication is dispensed in the right dosage for the correct patient and at the right time. Pharmacy information systems perform a variety of important tasks such as clinical screening, prescription management, inventory management, maintaining patient data profiles, generating reports and interacting with other systems. The cost of..."

Tags:pharmacy information system, medical, clinical system

Abstract
This paper is a research paper on human cloning and specifically the legal and ethical implications as they apply to the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper begins by defining the notions implied by the word cloning and then proceeds to provide a precise analysis of the legal situation in the United Kingdom and the United States in order to facilitate an examination of the evolution of cloning in the United Kingdom as well as the contradictions that may exist between what is said and what is done in the United States. The paper contends that any discussion on cloning must take place in the international arena and not just on a national level, and that morals and ethics play an important role in the debate on cloning at both levels. Finally, the paper attempts to show the danger of the absence of legislation on cloning by giving a practical view of what is currently possible. This paper includes colour photographs and charts.

Outline:
Introduction
Basic Notions
Reproductive Cloning
National Laws In Force And The Influence Of International Organisations9
The Situation In The United Kingdom
The Situation In The United States
The International Organisations' Approach
The Implications Of Ethics
Generalities On Moral Issue
Identity Issue
Religions' Views On Cloning
Clonaid
Conclusion
Information Requests Mails
Unsuccessful Attempts To Obtain Information
E-Mail Deleted Without Being Read
Adolph Grunbaum
The Experts Actively Involved In Our Project
V.J. Norris And Michael W. Shaw, University Of Reading (United Kingdom)
Jeff Macmahan And Katrien Devolder
Rosario Isasi, Jd, Mph, Faculty Of Law, Montreal University
Bilbliography
Annexes

From the Paper
"In 2001, the United Kingdom passed what became one of the most liberal laws on human cloning. This may appear contradictory with what has been said in the introduction of this study, i.e. that Britain was the first nation set to ban cloning although they were the first to have legalised it. Indeed, this might have been perceived as an evolution and it would have been interesting to see why such an evolution occurred: why do people who first authorised cloning then changed their mind and finally decided to ban it? The fact is that the new piece of legislation actually covers reproductive cloning and not therapeutic cloning. However, since the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990, therapeutic cloning is legal for scientists who have been granted a state licence by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. The law allows cloning and growth of human embryos up to fourteen days for research purposes. What is now expressly prohibited with the law of 2001 is the transfer of cloned embryos into a woman's womb, but this has never been legal before 2001."

Tags:morality, ethics, cloning, legal, evolution, international, humans, animals, reproductive, genetic, DNA, in-vitro, blastocyst, embryo, research, federal

Abstract
This paper defines cloning as the production of a group of genetically identical cells or organisms, all descended from a single individual. The members of a clone have precisely the same characteristics, except where mutation and environmentally caused developmental variation have occurred. The first recorded cloning experiment took place in 1938, when a German scientist experimented by transferring a nucleus from an adult cell to an enucleated egg which resulted in the successful creation of an identical twin. This paper details the various types of artificial and natural cloning which include: Molecular cloning, cellular cloning, embryo twinning, natural regeneration, primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The writer of this paper also discusses the moral and ethical controversy surrounding genetic cloning.

From the Paper
"Some examples of cloning from nature are the primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The primary reproductive mode occurs in species whose reproduction is strictly asexual; each population consists of one or more clones, depending on the number of individuals in the colony there was to start. Such species include all bacteria and blue-green bacteria, most protozoans, algae, some yeast, and even some higher plants and animals, such as dandelions and flatworms. Supplementary reproductive mode occurs in some algae, which reproduce sexually and asexually. Those individuals formed by asexual reproduction, called zoospores constitute a clone. In the club mosses and some higher plants, a runner, or stem, grows horizontally along the surface of the soil and at intervals produces roots and upright stalks. When the sections of stem between stalks disintegrate, the separated individuals constitute a clone."

Tags:genetic, engineering, cloning, research, animal, experiment, controversy, ban, human

Abstract
This paper discusses the debate over human cloning which erupted with the "birth" of Dolly in 1997. The author of the paper determines that the advantages of cloning humans far outweigh the risks. It argues that cloning will help to save lives, it will lead to cures for diseases and it will help couples overcome the obstacles of infertility.

From the Paper
"Ever since Dolly appeared on the international science stage on February there has been a great debate over whether or not the benefits of cloning humans would outweigh the risks and for some the ethical objections of genetic manipulation ..."

Tags:cloning, science, reproduction, infertility, therapeutic cloning, reproductive cloning, DNA, genetic, gene cloning, cellular cloning

Abstract
This paper discusses recent developments and arguments in the human cell cloning debate. The author examines the anti-cloning argument, and then shifts to pro-cloning. The paper includes sources such as the Surgeon General and Dr. Jose Cibelli, the first person to clone a human embryo, as well as good sources for the cloning opposition. The paper also includes many recent developments in the cloning process.

From the Paper
"Human cloning is one of those issues where there are benefits and risks, but the benefits are prominent enough that the risks pale in comparison. There is no argument that cloning is a failsafe technology that cannot be manipulated to facilitate immoral uses, but most things can be used immorally in the wrong hands. In the right hands, human cloning technology can benefit the world and society in unprecedented ways. Cloning is an unexplored territory that must be searched and cultivated, because astounding advances are bound to be produced. As for what God would say about humans cloning humans, Robert Winston put it best when he said, '?Part of that divine spark is our intelligence and our inventiveness and that was actually a God-given tool, and that to fail to use that actually is a mistake."

Tags:anti, carbon, cell, cibelli, clone, cloning, copy, dna, dolly, embryo, engineering, genetic, human, humans, pro, roslin, stem, therapeutic