Abstract
""A clone is one or more identical organisms descending asexually from a single common ancestor" (Encarta 99). It is a copy or close reproduction of a DNA sequence or gene produced by genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism's genetic code, to remove characteristics of a creature that are not wanted and to replace them with desirable ones. Members of a clone are identical in their inherited characteristics except for differences caused by attitude. They have the identical genetic makeup of the parent organism. "

Tags:clone, dolly, genetics, biology, human, cloning

Abstract
The paper discusses how cloning appears to offer the hope of miraculous improvements in health care. For example, it is possible that diseased organs could be replaced by simply growing new ones. The paper explains, however, that if we develop the expertise to routinely grow new human parts and even new human beings, this clearly has implications for human rights. The paper notes that in particular, there are two areas where cloning has the potential to impact human rights.

Tags:cloning, human, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses the idea of immorality in cloning, since clones lack a sense of their own uniqueness. It looks at how the most glaring example of why a person that is not genetically unique can still be product of a moral agent, as shown by naturally existing genetic copies, identical twins, or triplets, etc. It explores how, although they lack a sense of their own physical uniqueness and although they are not genetically unique, they are always individual entities with unique personalities. It attempts to show that, although cloning may be immoral for other reasons, we can not draw the conclusion that a lack of uniqueness transliterates as something that is immoral.

From the Paper
"We can understand that this viewpoint of non-individualism is rationed from the idea that a human clone will not have a sense of individuality despite being a separate entity, because of the popular, yet erroneous, belief that genes determine a person's personality as well as their physical characteristics . But the clone's environmental factors will be based on his or her choices "the choices themselves being influenced by the clone's environment" while the only things being "played out" will be genetic probabilities. It is a case of nature versus nurture. According to an online encyclopaedia, www.wordiq.com, "current thinking discredits the notion that genes alone are sufficient in determining personality traits." Rather, particular genes influence the development of a trait in the context of a particular environment." For example, life choices, or the "nurture" factor, are things such as accepting a pregnancy at age 19, or learning the local language, and are different to predetermined genetic probabilities such as Huntington's disease , or brown skin."

Tags:twins, triplets, genetics

Abstract
The following paper discusses the issue of genetic cloning by looking at its origins and scientific advances.The paper examines the research on genetic engineering and cloning that was used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. It looks at significant advances in agriculture, industry and medicine. Although there are many potential benefits to this technology, the prospect of cloning humans has raised many practical, ethical and religious dilemmas that are discussed in this paper.

From the Paper
"Genetic engineering is the changing of an organism's DNA, genetic material to eliminate unwanted traits or to produce desirable traits. The earliest form of genetic engineering dates back to the scientist Gregor Mendel who did experiments with peas. He bred only the peas with the most desirable traits in order to achieve a healthier and stronger pea (McCuen 8). This method, called selective breeding, is still used today with plants and animals in order to increase food production. Corn plants are selectively bred in order to produce a larger tastier kernel. Another type of genetic engineering called hybridization or crossbreeding involves breeding animals of different species in order to obtain the most desirable traits of both. Male donkeys are crossbred with female horses to produce mules, which are good work animals (Levine 1). Genes are made of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid. The discovery of DNA in 1953 by Drs. Watson and Crick led to a much better understanding of the structure and function of genes. Since that scientific discovery many scientists have developed techniques to manipulate the DNA in genes in order to control different genetic processes. In the 1970s, scientists discovered restriction enzymes, which are enzymes that are able to cut and splice DNA. This led to the scientific technique known as recombinant DNA, which has paved the way for more sophisticated types of genetic engineering (McCuen 8)."

Tags:cloning, dna, genetic, human, techniques, genetic, engineering, scientists, complex, mammals, possibility, humans

Abstract
A thorough discussion of the history and pros and cons of cloning in general. This paper supports cloning humans to help humanity so long as the ability is not abused. Topics presented include natural clones and philosophical, physical, medical and various other issues.

From the Paper
"The word "cloning" once brought to mind a vast array of ideas and thoughts often possible only within the context of science fiction, and yet our technology has now reached a stage in which possibility has become reality. In 1996, the first successful mammalian clone was created and named Dolly - a sheep born asexually who had the exact same genetic sequence as her mother (Hawker). Recently, in 2001 a human embryo was cloned and grew to the 6 cell stage before it died (Hill). These two events have raised an enormous amount of questions surrounding the ethics and benefits of cloning. Even though cloning exists in nature (Identical Twins, bacteria, most unicellular organisms, plants not from seeds, some algae and fungi, many Invertebrates are all natural clones), there is a sense of taking evolution and nature into our own hands by cloning most especially in context to cloning human beings (Hawker). There are strong arguments both for and against cloning, but I believe cloning is only feasible to help humanity so long as it is not abused."

Tags:anthropology, clone, clones, cloning, dolly, humanity, humans, infertility, medical, nature, nurture, science, sheep, technology, vitro, vs

Abstract
This paper provides a look at human cloning, and examines the discrimination dimension of the cloning process. The author discusses the pros and cons of cloning, religious opposition, and societal worries. The paper also discusses the problem of overpopulation, financial costs of cloning, and potential discrimination of clones from humans.

From the Paper
"Genetics is of increasing importance in the world of the 21st century. New developments in this field are finding more and more applications in every day life. Concerns about this science, due to its inherent conflicts with religious doctrine and traditional norms and unfamiliarity to the public have been frequently presented in the media. Recently, the public perception of genetics has appeared around such as human cloning. While many aspects of this subject are poorly understood, it isn't in doubt that there raise many questions of great complexity."

Tags:clone, concept, dimension, technique, dolly, genetics, science

From the Paper
"Why is human cloning viewed as a bad (unethical) thing?" The only thing that is holding the possibilities back is the fact that some people, actually a lot of people, do not approve of cloning in the least bit. It is stated that "one (a clone) will lose the sense of human possibility in freely creating one's own future" (28), constantly haunted by their earlier twin. Also argued by the Nation Bioethics Advisory Committee is the fact that cloned children have a high chance of low self esteem, wondering their value because they were cloned instead of conceived. On page 21 in the book, it states some of main benefits. The biggest benefit is the fact that people can be cloned, and the embryos can be frozen and gestated for organ harvesting. This would be a huge advance in science, as many people in need of organ transplants will not get them and will die. With organ harvesting, there could be an unlimited supply of "spare parts" to increase the length of life. There is a possible legislation of using cloning as the first step to cure Parkinson's disease.

Tags:baby, biomedics, birth, clone, engineer, ethics, opinion, religion, twins

Abstract
This paper explains that, although currently human cloning is banned, the presupposition is that human cloning has or will be used to produce not two identical twins but rather clones of parents that will then be biologically related to these infertile parents. Next, the author reviews the theories behind the nature argument that the cloned human have a personality more closely matched to the person from which he or she was created or the nurture argument that the clone would be a completely unique person as a result of environmental influences. The paper concludes that, regardless of the position on the nature vs. nurture debate, the ethical concerns about human cloning will remain.

From the Paper
"The bio-psychosocial perspective of the debate would indicate that like identical twins living in different times and likely different places and therefore environments the two individuals would be a lot alike in temperament and personality but would still become different people. Furthermore as it would be impossible to completely reproduce the real environment of the donor the clone would therefore logically be offered different opportunities which would result in real individuality.
"The clone's adult personality still would resemble more likely closely that of the donor but would not be an exact match of the other. The issue of temperament has a great deal to do with decisions, as when certain offerings are made to the individual infant, the individual infant will likely respond in a consistent manner according to his or her temperament. Temperament, according to Myers, is the least variable aspect of the individual, as seen by adoptive studies associated with what adoptive parent's can influence or change and what they can not.
"The adult personality of monozygotic twins clearly differs, despite the fact that they share exactly the same DNA and presumably grew up in the same household."

Tags:ban infertile bio-psychosocial, monozygotic twins, experimentation

Abstract
This paper states that cloning appeared to be the closest realization and rationalization of Hitler's delusion of a master race. The author points out that cloning seems to be quite tempting to a dictator-parent who wants her offspring to replicate her exclusively or to a narcissistic father who wants to see himself in an exact-duplicate offspring that repeats him like a mirror. The paper stresses that, even when the public is sufficiently educated on the genetic cloning of human beings to handle the darkest suspicions and fears, questions arise as to the social and moral interests and rights of human clones, the moral consequences of human cloning itself, and the probability that people would become more motivated to reproduce children by cloning than in the way nature intends, which is sexually and at random.

From the Paper
"Hitler thought that people could cooperate with nature's law by not mating with those of either higher or lower biological orders, but by letting the higher order "triumph". He wrote: "The stronger must dominate and not mate with the weaker, which would signify the sacrifice of its own higher nature. Only the born weakling can look upon this principle as cruel, and if he does so, it is merely because he is of a feebler nature and narrower mind (Hitler)". He stood firmly on what he considered a most perceivable and empirical progression in nature and that, if this were not the position taken, the higher development of organic life would not be conceivable or possible at all."

Tags:parts, electroporation, eugenics, lineage, master

Abstract
This paper explains that, even though the cloning of Dolly, the sheep, strongly hinted that human beings could and would be cloned next in another madman's attempt to realize Hitler's dream, the market for human clones appears attractive, especially for human parts. The author points out that, even though there will be abusers, control freaks, and narcissists who will misuse cloning, the promise of medical miracles stands stronger against these portents, and society's reproductive policies are in a continuous process of guarding against these abuses and excesses. The paper suggests that a cloned child's self-perception can be developed from its cloning parent; it can learn about its family's medical history and, from there, fashion its own future quite the same way its natural siblings would.

From the Paper
"Cloning is most tempting in the field of body transplants, although many people may still feel some objection to it for moral reasons. But defects, accidents and disease continue to point in that clear direction and modern research sustains it. When a particular body organ is transplanted a new body or environment, the cells in the cloned part would begin to recognize their new environment and become more specialized (Dixon). Parents with a history of kidney defects or ailments could decide to submit the mother's fertilized egg for treatment in a laboratory and have it develop into a perfect, kidney disease-free body. One way is to collect aborted fetuses in a container and to surgically take from them organs and tissues for transplanting to those who need them. Hospitals and clinics, especially abortion clinics, can be contacted or tied-in for these fetuses, for a worthy cause."

Tags:hitler, darwin, reproductive, children, parts