Abstract
The paper looks briefly at how society - physicians and nurses in particular - should allocate resources when resources are finite. After offering a synopsis of an especially interesting treatment of the topic, the paper proceeds to outline the strengths of a utilitarian or cost-benefit approach and then its weaknesses. The paper shows how there is an inherent danger, because of the subjectivity involved, in deciding what criteria will qualify certain people for various interventions while depriving others. The paper concludes that the aforementioned theoretical framework is the best one we have available to us, but we now need to refine it carefully.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look briefly at how society - physicians and nurses in particular - should allocate resources when resources are finite. After offering a synopsis of an especially interesting treatment of the topic, the paper will proceed to outline the strengths of a utilitarian or cost-benefit approach and then its weaknesses. All told, there is an inherent danger, because of the subjectivity involved, in deciding what criteria will qualify certain people for various interventions while depriving others. Still, the aforementioned..."

Tags:bioethics, resource, allocation

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the clinician/client relationship, created through the use of psychotherapy, is highly important when it comes to bringing about a radical transformation within the client. The writer points out that with reflective listening, the client is made to understand his/her problems from the bottom up and thus be convinced that the clinician truly cares about his or her mental predicament. In addition, the writer shows that reflective listening also creates a kind of symbiotic balance in which both client and clinician exist and function as one entity. With motivational interviewing, the process is relatively identical except for the direct focus upon creating motivation for positive change within the client. Thus, the writer demonstrates that psychotherapy, especially when based on the client-centered techniques of reflective listening and motivational interviewing, can bring about dramatic change in a person and result in a much better lifestyle for the client, yet only when the clinician is highly-skilled in the art of human relationships.

Outline:
General Definition
Psychotherapy--The Clinician Viewpoint
The Client Viewpoint
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
Reflective Listening
Motivational Interviewing
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"For the clinician, whether a psychotherapist or a psychiatrist, there are three main goals to be accomplished during a session or a series of sessions with a client. First, the clinician must do everything within his/her ability to alleviate psychological pain which often comes in the form of distressing feelings or emotions, such as anxiety or depression, or in the form of symptoms like phobia, obsessions, compulsions, inhibitions, panic attacks, psychologically-based physical problems, sexual problems and types of mental derangement which prevent the clinician from accomplishing any or all of these traits. Also, the clinician must be able to set the client at ease, either through emotional comfort or by creating a new sense of happiness in the areas which are disturbing to the client."

Tags:disorders, techniques, behavioral, therapy

Abstract
This paper explains that, despite considerable efforts placed by leaders in the field of clinical psychology to keep diagnoses objective, clinicians' theoretical beliefs still exert a major influence on their diagnoses. The paper then discusses and describes the two most common and widely accepted personal theories used by clinicians, Adler's theory and the existential theory, and takes a look at the differences between these two theories.

Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Personal Theories - Adler and Existentialism
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Adler. - Adler was born in Vienna, Austria on February 7, 1870 (Boeree 1997). He could not walk until he was four years old because of rickets and also nearly died of pneumonia at five. His physical condition impelled him to acquire a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1895. He began working as an ophthalmologist and then switched to general practice in the lower-class part of Vienna.. Most of his patients were circus performers who suffered from organ inferiorities and this led to an interest in organ deformities and compensation, clearly also because of his own experience of deformity and disability as a child. He later shifted to psychiatry and joined the discussion group led by Sigmund Freud. Adler wrote papers on organic inferiority, an aggression instinct and children's feeling of inferiority."

Tags:perform, examinations, diagnosing, examining, inherent, motivation, self, perfection

Abstract
This well-researched, two-part paper examines the cause, effect and treatment of self-reported pain in patients of varying ethnicities and cultures. When healthcare providers are faced with patients who are experiencing pain, there may be a number of confounding factors that serve to constrain developing an effective treatment modality, including the clinician's own cultural bias, prejudice or ignorance. This in-depth research paper identifies the cultural factors that play a role in influencing healthcare providers' decisions to medicate patients based on their ethnicity. The writer of this paper also details which, if any, cultural influences within the patients themselves may serve to constrain their ability to adequately communicate their respective levels of pain in self-reports. This paper details the various focus groups and clinical studies and their results which provide a framework for clinicians to better understand the treatment of pain based on the race and ethnicity of the patient.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Part One: Development of a Pain Assessment Tool Relevant to Clinical Background.
Epidemiology of Pain
Ecological Perspective
Developmental/Temporal Perspective
Epidemiology Measures
General Pain Assessment Tool Considerations
Part Two: Application of Assessment Tool
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Although pain is a virtually universal phenomenon, it is also a highly subjective experience that is characterized by a wide range of epidemiological considerations that will vary according to the individual, of course, but the cultural setting within which the pain management experience takes place as well. In the increasingly multicultural society that characterizes the United Kingdom today, clinicians are hard-pressed to understand the complex relationship of how organic processes interrelate with cultural factors that may be unapparent or unknown to them. Furthermore, compounding the problem of developing an effective pain assessment tool that can be used across-the-board is the fact that occupational, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and possibly geographic, cultural, and cohort differences, as well as differences in lifestyle risk factors such as smoking may be so powerful for pain management purposes that the influences of other factors such as age and gender are difficult to identify."

Tags:health, culture, treatment, minority, study, ethnic, race

Abstract
Lucid dreaming is a paradoxical mental state in which dreamers become aware that they are dreaming and, in some cases, deliberately take control of the dream action. This paper provides an overview of why humans sleep and dream, an examination of what lucid dreams are, and their relevance to psychologists and other clinicians today. A discussion of the potential adverse consequences identified by some critics is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Why Do Humans Sleep and Dream Anyway?
What Are Lucid Dreams? Cheap Thrills or Divine Insight?
Learning How to Dream Lucidly
Relevance of Lucid Dreaming to Psychology
"Completely Risk-Free" or Not?
Improving Accessibility to Lucid Dreaming
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Because everyone dreams, it would seem easy enough to classify the experience as being "ordinary," and yet the dream experience itself can seem to be anything but "ordinary." Researchers have been investigating why animals sleep and have attempted to determine the biological role of dreams. Lucid dreaming means dreaming while knowing that you are dreaming. This consciousness allows people to guide their dreams and explore a potentially infinite number of possibilities. A staunch lucid dream advocate and researcher, Dr. Stephen LaBerge, even maintains that lucid dreaming may help people heal faster and enjoy other benefits, including aiding personal-development, enhancing self-confidence, overcoming nightmares, improving mental (and perhaps, physical) health, facilitating creative problem solving as well as providing "thrilling entertainment." In all fairness, it should be pointed out that LaBerge is also hawking DreamLights and other devices designed to help people learn how to dream lucidly at as much as $1,000 a pop -- and he has sold a lot of them."

Tags:nightmare, rem

Abstract
Although psychology and psychotherapeutic intervention remains a relatively new profession, assisting people with mental health disorders is an important part of health wellness. No matter the psychotherapeutic regimen a therapist chooses to follow and implement, all have a core element, namely, establishing and sustaining a strong clinician-patient relationship. The focus of this essay is to present the reader a compendium of relationship characteristics needed in establishing a workable clinician-patient therapeutic relationship.

Tags:mentaldisorders, relationships, therapy

Abstract
The psychoanalytic approach to aesthetics enables us to understand the artists' aesthetic experiences as he or she conjures up his perception and response thereof, interpretation and meaning and his or her thoughts and feelings. The paper explains that, primarily divided into applied psychoanalysis and clinical psychoanalysis, the discipline of psychoanalytic aesthetics has been studied and commented upon by many famous psychoanalysts and clinicians over the years. This paper focuses on the comments of clinician Hanna Segal's psychoanalytic approach to aesthetics in general and particularly her quotes on creation and recreation. It examines her comment: "The essence of the aesthetic creation is a resolution of the central depressive situation and that the main factor in the aesthetic experience is the identification with this process." (H. Segal, 1981).

From the Paper
"According to Segal, one of the main aims of the artists is to create a world of his own, as Winnicott (1971) also held that the need to create something out of nothing is the main impulse. Segal says that though the artist believes that he is engaged in reproducing the external world, the fact is that the artist is using the external world to rebuild his own inner self. One of the themes used by Segal is of recovering the past and the defragmentation of the pieces."

Tags:Adrian, Strokes, Sigmund, Freud, symptom, building

Abstract
The paper looks at how supportive intervention, also referred to as crisis intervention, means that the caregiver uses certain short-term and immediate methods to support and help those individuals who have experienced any incident or event that produces emotional, mental, physical or behavioral distress. The paper concludes that both conceptually and clinically, it is extremely important to encourage more links between trauma and grief thus acknowledging the inevitable overlap between the two.

From the Paper
"In one study by Strobe, undertaken to assess the outcomes of the counseling offered by support groups and others, a method was developed, wherein the extent to which an individual would confront or avoid their losses, and the outcomes of this confrontation were measured. It was found that lower scores for a widow did not influence the outcome, and for a widower, a lower score predicted a poorer outcome. However, this fact became very obvious: that early intervention, offered by a professional clinician, is a very good idea in the immediate aftermath of a disaster or a trauma."

Tags:palliative, grief, intervention, management, anxiety

Abstract
This paper examines the use of music in its context as a stress management tool and provides some examples from the literature as to the efficacy of its use for ordinary people in managing stress in their lives.

From the Paper
"Ever since man first banged two rocks or his hunting implements together and chanted at the moon, music has formed part of mankind's culture and society. According to one authority, "The first beginnings of music lie ever deeper in historical obscurity than those of speech, the relics of which are very much older" (Einstein, 1959, p. 3). Another advocate of using music as a stress-management tool says, "The use of sound as a healing modality is nothing new. It is probably as old as the first sound ever made by man or a woman. The first humans were believed to have used sounds in sacred and ritualistic ways to promote fertility, to aid at birth, to facilitate the growing of crops, to accept death and for many other occasions" (p. 17). By using sound, our ancient ancestors attempted to summon spirits in order to cure sickness and disease. Music is simply sound which has been arranged into pleasing or interesting patterns. Music continues to form an important part of many cultural and social activities and people use music to express their emotions and ideas; music also serves to entertain and generally helps people to relax. From a stress-management point of view, music can play an important part in helping people unwind after a tough day and can provide an alternative to relaxation than more caustic methods such as alcohol or drugs."

Tags:manage, cope, relax

Abstract
This paper discusses how, in their article, "Preoperative Fasting: Old Habits Die Hard" ,Crenshaw and Winslow examine the role nursing staff can play in effecting changes in the preoperative fasting regulations in individual hospitals. It shows how they argue that, though there is often a lag before regulations become implemented, members of the nursing staff need to be more assertive in their collaborations with clinicians. It also looks at how this assertiveness will ensure more scientifically sound preoperative fasting policies.

From the Paper
"Crenshaw and Winslow (2002) admit to several limitations in this study design. First, the interviews were conducted after the operation rather than before. The authors note, however, that this timing was necessary because many of the patients would be more anxious and less likely to cooperate with the lengthy questions before the operation. Also, most patients were outpatients, who only arrived and were admitted to the hospital a few hours prior to surgery, making them too busy to bother with any pre-operation interviews."

Tags:clinicians, nurses, policies, hospitals