Abstract This paper examines clinicaltrial management practices and how they vary in the United States and Europe as a result of wide-ranging governmental bodies and regulations. It compares and contrasts the rules of the the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and its equivalent in Europe, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA). In particular, it provides a brief analysis of several areas involved with oncology clinicaltrial management in the United States and Europe, including a discussion of medical ethics, the role of the Institutional Review Board in clinicaltrials, quality of life issues and health economics in oncology studies. It also looks at investigator attitudes towards clinicaltrials, clinicaltrial length, compliance and decisions regarding new drug applications (NDAs).
From the Paper "Investigator attitudes towards clinical trials vary widely and are often dependent upon the investigator's direct involvement in the clinical trial as well as the balance between routine patient care and clinical trial management. According to Abelson, Welch, and Lynch (86), ?In a trial, the clinician's judgment carries a lot of weight. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration bases approval of drugs upon a clinician's judgment of who should be in the trial, how to categorize adverse events, whether there is a drug interaction and the interpretation of specific parameters. These judgments are critical.? Investigators are ultimately responsible for all areas of the study, from recruitment and participant selection to event reporting and monitoring."
Abstract In recent years, HIV has begun to move away from being an automatic death sentence and toward the status of being a chronic, but manageable illness. This paper presents an examination of HIV vaccine clinicaltrials and examines whether or not minorities are comfortable participating in them. The writer examines the historic Tuskegee syphilis trial and applies some of the problems there to the current hesitancy by minorities to participate in HIV vaccines clinicaltrials. The paper is based on a literature review.
From the Paper "The medical community has a documented lack of minority volunteers willing to participate in clinical trials for HIV medications and other treatments. There are several factors that contribute to this trend including a basic mistrust that the minority will be given a fair amount of the treatment in question, as well as historic problems with medical trials and minorities in the past.
(Timeline http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/tuskegee/time.htm)
The need to recruit minority participants for clinical trials is obvious. Minority people get ill and they get disorders. They are part of the population that the medical community is attempting to assist and their participation in clinical trials can help that process move more quickly and efficiently."
Abstract The paper focuses on levofloxacin, an antibiotic that has been used to treat pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. The paper describes the drug and how it is effective in the cure for pneumonia. The paper provides a description of its discovery, an evaluation to assess its efficacy and a discussion of the artificial route used in its dynamics. The paper also looks at clinicaltrials, post-launch market information and at comparisons to other drugs used for pneumonia in terms of suitable treatment.
Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of the Disease that the Drug is involved
and its Effects
Description of Discovery
Evaluation Used to Assess Efficiency
Artificial Route Used in its Dynamics
Information from ADME and Toxicology
ClinicalTrials Date and Data
Post-launch Market Information
Comparisons to Other Drugs
Conclusions
From the Paper "In the previous years, the development of consecutive generations of antibiotics have been elevated and dissected to deter specific diseases. For example, fluoroquinolones with lesser generations such as "levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin," (Ball, 2003, p. 647) has been formulated to deter various infections. Specifically, levofloxacin, an antibiotic has been used to treat an array of bacterial infections such as pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. It has also been used as an antidepressant and heartburn. This drug sternly damages the cell walls of the infecting bacteria avoiding any multiplication."
Abstract This paper examines both the Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Trials following World War II and it's impact on international law. It begins with a history of the development of international law up until World War II. It then recounts the events that led up to both trials followed by a description of the charter of both trials. Next is a recount of the three top defendants in both trials followed by the general argument put forth by the defense attorneys. After this there is a section on the impact of the trials on international law followed by a argumentative section on why the trials were "victor's justice". The concluding section focuses on the Rwanda and Yugoslavia tribunals and an outlook for the future.
Tags: crimes, justice, trials, victor, war, international, nuremberg, tokyo
Abstract This paper chronicles the famous Scottsboro Boys trial. It's a story of racism in the 1930's that describes the events leading to the trial, the trial itself and the outcome. The paper describes what happened to the boys while they were in jail and the events and outcome of their second trial. Racism appears and reappears throughout the story of the Scottsboro Boys, as they were sentenced to death on several different occasions, despite obvious inconclusive or debatable evidence. Finally, the paper briefly describes the fate of all people involved in the case.
From the Paper ?When the train that they were riding on stopped in Stevenson, Alabama, the small group of black boys decided to walk along the tracks. A short while later they met up with some more black boys from another car. The boys decided that they would get back at the white boys who had been throwing rocks at them earlier. Once the train started again, the same group of white boys started throwing rocks at the blacks from a lower car. The now rather large group of blacks got in the car that the whites were riding in and started fighting them."
Abstract This paper gives the historic background of the Salem Witch Trials, highlighting the mass hysteria that lead to such an event. The author argues that we can learn from the lessons of the Salem Witch Trials, in particular with regard to terrorist accusations, or other finger pointing based on fear not fact. The paper concludes with the outcome of the trials and how the accused and/or their families were eventually compensated.
Outline:
Introduction
The Trials Events in Salem
Causes
From the Paper "The of the trials was based in hysteria. People did not understand what was wrong with the young girls who initially became ill and they became fearful as it spread that if it were not stopped everyone was doomed. This fear spurned a hysteria in which anyone who acted remotely different or non sociable by society standards was accused of being a witch. At that time society had a fear of the devil and the devil's abilities that could overtaken common sense and did."
Abstract This paper chronicles the witch trials of 1692 and argues that the main reasons why the witch trials occurred were conflicts dealing with politics, religion, family, economics, and fears of the citizens.
From the Paper "After the investigation, Hawthorne and Corwin decided that the three women were all guilty of witchcraft. They were all taken to a Boston jail, where Sarah Osborne would later die from natural causes. Even after the three women were taken to jail, the accusations still continued in the village. "
Abstract Martin Friedland, in his book "The Case of Valentine Shortis", describes the trial that led to a Quebec jury finding Shortis guilty of the murder of two men in the course of an attempted robbery. This paper revisits the trial from the perspective of a member of the jury and - based upon the author's point of view regarding the evidence - determines the question of guilt. This paper argues, on the basis of the evidence, that Shortis must be found guilty.
From the Paper Martin Friedland, in his book The Case of Valentine Shortis, describes the trial that led to a Quebec jury finding Shortis guilty of the murder of two men in the course of an attempted robbery. This paper will revisit the trial from the perspective of a member of the jury and - based upon the author's point of view regarding the evidence - determine the question of guilt. This paper will argue, on the basis of the evidence, that Shortis must be found guilty.
Abstract This paper examines the Black Sox trial of 1921 and the fall-out emerging from it. The paper shows that not least of all, the trial underscored the gambling problem afflicting America as well as the larger social and labor issues that were plaguing American society at that time. The paper suggests that the scandal complicated baseball's image and turned George Herman Ruth into a savior.
From the Paper "The 1921 Black Sox trial gripped America in a way that very few events directly related to sports ever have. This paper examines the trial and, more importantly, it places the trial of 1921 within the larger context of American life and history. Particularly, this paper notes how the 1921 trial occurred in an age where concerns about the treatment of American workers was sparking debate about how best to address the situation. Moreover, the spirit of progressivism still animated America in the early decades of the twentieth century. This spirit, one might even call it a missionary, reformist zeal, was strengthened further by events such as the Black Sox trial of 1921. Beyond that, the trial had serious repercussions for baseball. Not least of all, it shot Kenesaw Mountain Landis into prominence and turned Babe Ruth into a savior."
Abstract This paper examines the Nuremberg Trials by questioning several legal aspects of the proceedings. The author argues that the Allies exceeded the laws of the time in their quest to punish Nazis for what they saw as unacceptable ways to conduct war. The paper concludes that the Trials also did not serve a deterrent purpose, rather they demonstrated the difficulty of using law to deal with unpredictable and unexpected behavior.
Outline:
Introduction
Allied Positions
Defendants' Views
Justice of Injustice?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Nuremberg Trials took place in Nuremberg, Germany from 1945 to 1949, following the end of World War II. They were the culmination of efforts by the victorious allies to address actions taken by the Nazis during World War II that most of the Allies believed went well beyond the boundaries of acceptable practice of warfare. However, the Allies themselves exceeded the laws of the time in their quest to punish Nazis for what they saw as unacceptable ways to conduct war."
Abstract This paper summarizes some of the key issues in Microsoft's monopoly trial from the perspectives of Microsoft and computer users. Several of the terms Microsoft has used to define its marketing and overall corporate objectives are defined, such as "killer application." Microsoft's Internet browser is used as an example of the corporation's most recent "killer app." The issues of the trial are also discussed from the perspective of the user, which is to ultimately find the application that best suits her needs. The author concludes that usability and competition work hand in hand for or against the success of a product.
From the Paper "A document released by the Microsoft Company reads, "Our industry is always looking for the next 'Killer Application' - for a category of software that, by its utility and intelligent design, becomes indispensable to millions of people ...". "The latest confirmed 'Killer App' is the web browser". When asked what Bill Gates himself meant by defining a web browser as a "Killer Application", he claims to have meant that browsing would be simply "very popular". Upon this response, The Microsoft Computer Dictionary is used to provide two definitions of the term "Killer App": 1) An application of such popularity and widespread standardization that it fuels sales of the hardware platform or operating system for which it was writing (in this case Windows); and 2) An application that supplants its competition. The latter is something that
Microsoft's browser has certainly managed to do."
Abstract This paper examines and reviews Franz Kafka's work "The Trial," describing it as a typically existential work. The paper explains the basic ideas behind existentialism and why "The Trial" contains the essential elements of this philosophy. The paper gives a basic plot summary and other literary devices Kafka used to engage the reader. The paper concludes by citing Kafka's possible intention of using this work to critique corrupt political regimes of his time.
From the Paper "In this, K.'s existential anxiety increases progressively through the novel, as he continues to live under the extreme stress of waiting for something to come of his trial. This is signified by means of various elements, and most significantly in the suffocation that permeates all K.'s dealings with the law. K.'s source of meaning is his work and the way in which his life is ordered. In contrast to this, his existential angst is exacerbated by the Court and the way it harrassas him. "
Abstract This paper looks at the historical development and significance of the Salem witchcraft trials, and argues that the Salem trials were pieces of a larger phenomenon, i.e. the system of belief of New England which integrated witchcraft. In doing so, the paper considers the following aspects: the historical and social circumstances of 17th century Massachusetts, previous such episodes, the profile of the people executed on charges of witchcraft, as well as the effect of race and gender on the formulation of witchcraft allegations.
From the Paper "The Salem witch trials were preliminary hearings held in 1692 in several towns: Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover, as well as Salem Town, Massachusetts. The best-known such hearings were conducted in Salem Town and resulted in nineteen of witchcraft i.e. nineteen death sentences by hanging. One of the most interesting controversies ever associated with the Salem trials is that of the role of Cotton and Increase Mather in the trials in question . There have been countless speculations regarding the Mathers, ranging from accusations of propagating witch-hunt hysteria as a means of driving people back to church to open condemnation of being slow to speak out against spectral evident brought against the witches. Spectral evidence referred to the afflicted people's testimonies which incriminated the alleged witches; the afflicted claimed they saw apparitions of certain people who were causing the affliction i.e. witches. The most significant questions that arise when talking about the Salem alleged cases of witchcraft are, why did so many cases occur?, and secondly, what common traits can be identified among these cases? In order to be able to answer these two questions, one must turn their attention to several factors such as religious ideology, political and social context, as well as the profile of the accused and the accusers, and last but not least, what these accusations entailed and how they were responded to."
Tags: witch persecution death hanging superstition religion trial court apparitions church puritans execution calvinists, satanic affliction, possession
Abstract Part I of this paper deals with the three most common kinds of child abuse ? physical, sexual and emotional. It discusses clinical issues, behavioral issues, symptoms, signs and tests for these specific kinds of child abuse. Part II of the paper deals with several disorders in children that are not easy to detect and cure, specifically Autism, Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Down Syndrome. The paper covers diagnosis, treatment and cure (if applicable).
From the Paper "The problem in identifying and dealing with emotional abuse is that at lower levels of intensity, the occurrence of abuse is debatable. For instance mild levels of belittling could be seen as "kidding". Another example could be that of criticizing and insulting. Depending on the issue that leads to such abuse, the grown up could actually be convinced that they are doing this to the child for "his own good". These mild forms of abusive behavior could actually be seen as "nurturing"."
A critical analysis of "Computerized Patient Model and Simulated Clinical Experiences: Evaluation with Baccalaureate Nursing Students," written by C.E. Feingold, M. Calaluce and M.A. Kallen.
Abstract This paper reviews the article "Computerized Patient Model and Simulated Clinical Experiences: Evaluation with Baccalaureate Nursing Students," written by C.E. Feingold, M. Calaluce and M.A. Kallen. The paper begins by discussing the purpose for the research and then reviews the research design and literature. It concludes with a look at the recommendations by the authors and a discussion of the implications of the study.
Table of Contents:
Problem and Purpose
Literature Review
Study Framework
Research Questions/Hypothesis
Study Variables
Study Design
Population, Sample and Setting
Method of Measurement
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Interpretation of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
Implications for Practice
Qualification of the Researchers
Significance of Study
From the Paper "As mentioned above, the significance of this study is in the fact that simulated clinical situations with the use of technology, while still being improved, is progressing towards a more realistic experience in the setting of timely faculty guidance and a safe environment within which to acquire fundamental clinical skills. It is also significant in that it provides insight into the disparity between faculty, student and student subset perspectives regarding the value of these simulations, aspects which need to be explored further in future research."
Tags:clinical, nursing, research, design, practice
