Abstract This paper discusses how more and more scientists are now accepting that the world is undergoing unusual climate change. This paper examines the most important and likely ways that Atlantic Canada will be affected by climate change. The paper shows how climate change has the potential to have a devastating effect on the forests, farms and economy of Atlantic Canada. Natural Resources Canada reports that the latest analysis provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides more scientific proof that climate change really is happening.
The following paper discusses the climate of the U.S.A. and Canada, with respect to the climate classifications, its effects on farming and other activities.
Abstract This essay discusses how climate governs the entire ecological structure of the planet earth. The author examines how climate, in relation to the topography and latitudinal location, determines the vegetative types, the hydrology, soil, agriculture, and various human activities.
From the Paper "Climate represents a long term average of various weather features such as temperature and precipitation. The World Meteorological Organization uses 30-year averages to define climatological "normals" for these various features. Climate determines how resources such as water and vegetation are distributed and, until the onset of technology, climate also determined where people lived and worked. Many factors, such as topography, proximity to large bodies of water, and latitude affect a particular location's long-term climate. It is important to note that because a region's climatology is a 30-year average, significant year to year variability is likely. For example, a particular location may have a dry, warm winter one year and a record snowfall the next year"
Abstract This paper discusses how climate governs the entire ecological structure of the planet earth. The author examines how climate, in relation to the topography and latitudinal location, determines the vegetative types, the hydrology, soil, agriculture and various human activities.
From the Paper ?Climate represents a long term average of various weather features such as temperature and precipitation. The World Meteorological Organization uses 30-year averages to define climatological "normals" for these various features. Climate determines how resources such as water and vegetation are distributed and, until the onset of technology, climate also determined where people lived and worked. Many factors, such as topography, proximity to large bodies of water, and latitude affect a particular location's long-term climate. It is important to note that because a region's climatology is a 30-year average, significant year to year variability is likely. For example, a particular location may have a dry, warm winter one year and a record snowfall the next year.?
Abstract This paper analyzes various studies of climate change and its effect on human culture in the Great Plains area of the United States, citing climate change on prehistoric cultures in southern high plains of Texas and New Mexico, determining what the climate change in the region of the Southern high plans may have been and examining changes in the culture of the native population that resulted from this change.
From the Paper "In this era of concern about global warming, more and more research has been conducted into climate change in the past. One area of such research has been into the impact of climate change on prehistoric cultures in southern high plains of Texas and New Mexico, determining what the climate change in the region of the Southern high plans may have been and examining changes in the culture of the native population that resulted from this change. From such research, certain patterns have emerged and have engendered further study."
Abstract This paper discusses the consequences of climate change in Antarctica. The essay is divided into three sections. The first section looks at the nature of Antarctica. The second section examines what global warming and climate change will do to Antarctica and the final section looks at the global consequences.
From the Paper "Global warming and climate change are two closely connected environmental problems. Although global warming and climate change will affect the entire world, different areas will be altered in different ways. Also changes in one area can lead to changes in other areas. For this essay the consequences of global warming and climate change will be examined in detail. In order to examine these issues the essay will be divided into three sections. The first section will look at the geography, natural resources and ecological nature of Antarctica. The second section will examine the effects of global warming and climate change on Antarctica."
Abstract This paper discusses a study relating to human influences on climate, and whether or not the contentions within the research are based upon accuracy. The paper further reviews the article from Karl and Trenberth, discussing the viewpoints of the authors, and the impact of the study on society. Finally, the paper discusses further research that both supports, and refutes the findings of Karl and Trenberth. This research is important because it focuses on what is factual, and whether or not there is any evidence to support contentions that humanity is destroying the earth, and the climate worldwide.
From the Paper "Thomas R. Karl and Kevin Trenberth (1999) suggest that a significant amount of discussion has been created relating to humanity's influence on the destruction of the global climate (p. 101). The authors contend that government organizations determined that humanity is contributing in a variety of ways to the deterioration of the climate, but that no evidence has been accumulated to support this assumption (Karl & Trenberth, 1999, p. 101). Yet, despite the assertion that no factual evidence has been collected to date that would provide specific data for further study; the researchers have addressed the issue with contentions that may be useful if future studies are conducted. Karl and Trenberth (1999) describe their article as relevant because it proposes to make suggestions based on facts that may lead to future research specifically focusing on data which demonstrates human factors in relation to climate (p. 101)."
Abstract In this essay the writer offers a short overview of Martian climate. First, the composition and characteristics of Martian atmosphere are presented. Then the major features of Martian climate are given with a special emphasis on wind formation. The final part is devoted to dust formation and dust storms on the Red Planet. A short fact-sheet about the planet is provided as introduction.
From the Paper "Mars is the fourth planet of our Solar System. Its average distance from the sun is 2.28 x 10^8 km, which is 1.54 times larger than Earth's average distance. As a result Mars years are much longer - 687 Earth days. Compared to Earth's orbit, Mars' orbit is more elliptical bringing the planet 206.5 million km from the sun at perihelion and 249.1 million km at aphelion."
Abstract This paper talks about how latitude is arguably one of the most significant determinants of a region's climate. First, what is latitude? The paper explains that latitude is the angular measurement of a location's distance north or south of the equator. The equator is delineated as 0 degrees latitude. The poles are alternately 90 degrees north or south latitude ("Latitude" par. 1). All other locations fall somewhere in between these two extremes. Thus, when we know a location's latitude we implicitly know that location's distance north or south of the equator. For example, Honolulu, Hawaii is at 21 degrees north latitude. Honolulu, consequently, is much closer to the Earth's equator than Phoenix, Arizona with a latitude of 33 degrees north. This difference accounts for significant climatic variation.
Abstract An examination of Milankovitch's theory which links the climate to seasonal and latitudinal variations in the solar energy received by the Earth. Through this theory we are given a better understanding of this time period. Criticism of the theory is also discussed and problems analyzed.
From the Paper "An ice age is a cool period in Earth history, where much of the Earth's land surface is covered by ice. What is most relevant here is that an ice age is defined by the lower temperatures, with the ice a symptom of this. An ice age then, can be defined as a period when climatic changes produce lower temperatures, which in turn cause the Earth to be covered by large sheets of ice."
Abstract This paper discusses the problem of air pollution and climate change in Ontario especially Toronto. The author emphases the use of statistics especially correlations. The paper relates the adequacy of the Montreal Protocol and makes policies recommendations.
From the Paper "There is a great deal of evidence that human activity is resulting in serious pollution of the environment. It is clear that "industrial activities, such as mining, are directly responsible for much of the pollution that degrades the environment" (Ayres, 2003, p. 1). Industrial flows such as heavy metals are harmful to the environment, and when toxic substances build up, they can interfere with biological processes. The damage done by corporate pollution is particularly observed in air quality and in climatic change. The other main source of smog consists of automobile emissions."
Abstract This paper discusses the changing global climate and the human activities contributing thereto. The writer describes scientific research which can improve our ability to predict climate change and its impacts and provide a basis for mitigating the harmful effects of global climate change. This can be done through decreased human influences, technological advancement, and finding ways to adapt and become resilient to extreme events such as earthquakes and hurricanes. The paper concludes that future studies and technological advancements will pave the way for us to restore and repair our injured climate.
Outline:
Introduction
Changes to the Climate Caused by Human Activity
Improving Changes in the Climate Conclusion
From the Paper "A great deal of scientific research has noted the harms to the environment caused by human activity. The majority of these harmful activities have had a profound impact on the overall climate. The climate of an area includes the temperature, weather, water levels, and overall air quality of an area. Human activity such as garbage dumping, urbanization and even artificial restoration of an area have contributed to negative climate patterns. In response to these harms, new plans for growth and expansion that have "environmentally friendly" goals have been initiated throughout the United States as well as other parts of the world."
Abstract Literature is replete with studies which show the importance of school climate in terms of learning potential. This paper focuses on the impact that the school climate has on achievement as well as on concomitant issues that affect and relate to student achievement levels. Achievement within the ambit of overall education cannot be separated from other aspects and variables. This paper therefore also provides examples of the interdependence between increased achievement and factors affecting school climate, in order to create a more amenable and productive school and learning environment.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Definitions and Importance of School Climate Literature Overview and Discussion
Outcomes and Possibilities for Improving School Climate Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Studies have also found that there is a significant correlation between school climate and other variables which need to be taken into account. For instance, there is an important link between different economic and social strata and problems with school climate. The study by Esposito ( 1999) states that achievement is also related to different school situations. For example the study found that problems with regard to school climate are more often found in low-income districts and are concomitant with problems related to student achievement and socialization."
Abstract In this article, the writer provides a detailed explanation of the concepts of climate and culture within a professional organization. The writer notes that doing so will help familiarize the reader with how these separate processes both impact the status of the organization. This paper also demonstrates how an effective leader can change these processes and therefore help improve the quality of the work environment for his or her employees.
Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of Climate and Culture
Climate culture
Development of Climate and Culture
Changing the Climate and Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper "The climate of an organization is manifest by its workers. As such, climate research predates culture research as there has traditionally been a strong psychological component of attempting to assess job performance through exploring the perceptions, attitudes, preferences, and motivational drive of employees. Ashanskay et al. find that the early research on climate was done with a focus on Gestalt psychology, suggesting that the study of a climate in an organization was similar to the study of field theory on any population set."
Abstract This paper examines how climate change will impact the development of under-developed lands that figure to be (and already are) hardest hit by changes in the natural environment. In particular, the paper looks at how the development projects already in place in the developing world (or those now being conceived) will shortly - if not already - find themselves the targets of new, restrictive regulations aimed at cutting down runaway greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the paper looks at the human toll caused by climate change and how this injures the growth and development of Third World nations. In addition, the paper examines the role climate change plays in depleting natural resources - chiefly water - that fuel important economic activities in lands that can scarcely be without these activities. The paper also looks at how the local tourist sectors of these countries will suffer (are surely suffering already) as biologically diverse locales decline in the face of relentless global change. Last of all, climate change as a precipitator of foreign control over the economic policies of developing states is discussed with a focus upon how climate change has wrestled control for many economic initiatives out of the hand of Third World countries and placed that control firmly in the hands of international regulatory bodies dominated by western elites.
From the Paper "Climate change means trouble for impoverished "Global South" nations in a host of other ways, as well. A study recently concluded by the World Health Organization insists that climatic changes unfolding since the middle 1970s could be causing (at this very moment) nearly 150,000 annual deaths in the developing world and approximately five million "disability-adjusted life-years" (DALY) in that part of the world, as well. In short, climate-instigated diseases and "heat-related morbidity" are both seen (at least by the WHO) as heavily impacting the developing world even though the developing world is hardly culpable for man-made global warming (Patz, 2006; for a slightly more recent study that affixes a greater responsibility for global climate change to developing lands, please see Raupach, 2007)."
Abstract This paper examines climate change, global warming, greenhouse gases reduction, removal and disposal and the intersections between treatment technologies, energy savings and sustainable energy sources. It presents case studies of companies competing in the alternative energy industry in general and in biomass conversion in particular. It then reviews the literature concerning particular technologies for application to current carbon energy sources researched and practiced by researchers, government and industry today. Essentially, this study examines the methods used to reduce, remove and dispose of greenhouse gas constituents.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction
Importance of the Study
Background of the Problem
Problem Statement
Definition of Terms
Methodology Statement
Purpose of Study
Summary
Chapter II. Review of the Literature
Introduction
Defining Global Warming
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Variability
Sources of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases and Induced Climate Change
Anthropogenic Induced Climate Change
Atmospheric Temperatures and Recent Climate Changes
Positive Feedback Loops
Important Issues Affected by Global Warming
Public Health Issues
Precipitation
Ocean Warming, Circulation and Acidification
Sea Level Rise
Snow and Ice
Biodiversity
Ozone Depletion
Summary
Constituents of Concern
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Chlorofluorocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Aerosols
Assessment of Treatment Technologies
Biomass Today
Boosting Production
Carbon Capture
Flue Gas Cleaning
Molecular Sieve
Chapter III. Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter IV. Data Analysis and Discussion
From the Paper "Beginning in the nineteenth century, machines of the Industrial Revolution first began using fossil fuels including coal and petroleum and were the start of a new economic engine. While unrecognized as a potential global issue at the time, the increased use of fossil fuels during this period in history began to contribute to the accumulation of so-called greenhouse gases. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are a byproduct of the combustion process of fossil fuels. Since the beginning of Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels have increased 30%, CH4 levels have increase 15 % and subsequent increases have occurred in all other GHGs. The result is the average increase in global temperatures was 10F from the mid-nineteenth century till near the end of the twentieth century. Within the last 25 years the average global temperature increase has been an additional 0.80F. This temperature increase follows the increase in GHGs. Figure 1 shows the increases in carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides from their various sources from 1970 until 2004. Scientific consensus is that this increase is not that of natural variation or solar radiation changes but from the results of human activities. Not only from the burning of fossil fuels but from the diminished natural buffers created by farming and resulting deforestation (Braasch 2007)"
