Abstract
This paper takes the approach, used by Clifford Geertz in "Islam Observed", of understanding culture through metaphor. The paper points out that Geertz used man as a metaphor for society and the contradictions within man as a metaphor for the greater contradictions within society. It then goes on to analyze Joseph Conrad's book, "Heart of Darkness", by analyzing the characters in the novel as though they were a metaphor for the different aspects of European society of that period.

From the Paper
"Kurtz figure hangs over the entire novel like an extremely intriguing enigma. Everything we hear about him initially is a positive he is a man of the utmost learning and the greatest kindness and ability who seems to have gained everyone's respect. But something about him has gone wrong and something has changed him."

Tags:analytical, anthropoligical, islamic, culture, literary, analysis, european, dark, continent

Abstract
The paper explains how, in his work "Pre-Capitalist Economic Foundation", anthropologist Clifford Geertz theorizes that certain conditions must be present in order for capitalism to emerge in pre-capitalist societies. The paper outlines Geertz's proposal that the methodology of thick description be employed to reach beyond the strictly observable, and thus discover layers of cultural significance and meaning behind actions and behaviors.

From the Paper
"Geertz hypothesizes that the existence of capitalism necessarily entails a historical process, which consists of certain elements that must be present in order to capitalism to emerge and progress. Geertz describes this process as "...the evolutionary history of both capital and wage labor", indicating that these crucial prerequisite factors involve social change as evolution. Geertz assumes that his prerequisites take place, in one form or another, throughout all societies that are immersed in a capitalist economic system. According to Geertz, "culture is public because meaning is". To illustrate this principle, he gives the example of a piece of music written for a violin. The music does not consist only of notes written on a piece of paper, but rather is constructed of many things, such as the knowledge necessary to read the music, the training that is necessary before someone can play the violin, the creation of the violin itself, a common recognition of what constitutes music - the list is almost endless, and portrays the interconnected nature of the structure behind culture."

Tags:anthropology, historical, materialism, ethnography, mega-concepts, culture

Abstract
This paper relates that Clifford Stoll's article "Stalking the Wily Hacker", which begins before the full commercialization of the Internet, underscores that the new generation of information technologist and computer engineers should appreciate the security tools that they now have as compared to their forebears. Next, the author analyzes Stoll's questions as to why an intruder would hit Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) when it did not handle any classified programs and would use no new methods for breaking operating systems but rather repeatedly applied techniques documented elsewhere. The paper stresses that many lessons can be learned from this article that are applicable today, such as hackers are persistent because the rewards today are not only fame or glory in the hacker world but also financial.

From the Paper
"To truly appreciate the Stoll's story it is important to go back first to the mid-1980s and know what the social, political, environmental and economic conditions were. The event began in August 1986 and concluded in late 1987. At that time, Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States and it was still the height of the Cold War. Two despotic rulers, Jean-Claude Duvalier of Haiti and Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines fell from power and went on exile to escape the wrath of the nations they enslaved. One of the worst nuclear accidents occurred in Chernobyl, USSR in April 1986. Klaus Barbie was given a life sentence in France for his war crimes during World War II. The USS Stark was attack by Iranian missiles in the Persian Gulf during May 1987. Since it was the height of the Cold war, there can be no mistake that espionage activities are rampant from opposing forces. Not only did spying occur against bitter enemies but allies as well especially when a former U.S. Navy analyst in the name of Jonathan Pollard was caught in the mid 1986 of spying for Israel."

Tags:spying, network security, information infancy gangs

Abstract
This paper presents an explanation of the essay entitled "Cyberschool," written by Clifford Stoll, noting that it is an example of an extremely satirical and informal piece. The paper states that this essay is a great representation of the workings of satire, and an interesting exploration of how assumptions without factual backing result in weak arguments based solely on opinion and stereotypes.

From the Paper
"The essay entitled "Cyberschool," written by Clifford Stoll, is an example of an extremely satirical and informal piece. Stoll explores the impractical aspects of extreme educational reform with the use of too much technology. His piece shows how these reform strategies fail to truly recognize the real issues of educational problems, and how these theories fall short of what they are trying to accomplish. The original audience would have been very familiar with ideas of solving all educational problems through extensive use of technology. These arguments have been increasing since the explosion of the internet, and so Stoll assumes his readers would have been familiar with the conversation which he enters himself into."

Tags:arguments, topic, idea

Abstract
The paper explains that while Descartes relied upon rationalism to its furthest extents to indicate what propositions were likely to be true and what false, Clifford expressed an extreme form of empiricism with regard to metaphysical truth. The paper shows how these two points of view are utterly incongruous in the real world, as well as within the realm of philosophy.

From the Paper
"To a large extent, Clifford's and Descartes' points of view regarding evidence and belief could not create a more stark contrast. Whereas Descartes relied upon rationalism to its furthest extents to indicate what propositions were likely to be true and which were likely to be false, Clifford expressed an extreme form of empiricism, with regard to metaphysical truth. According to Clifford, it is morally wrong in every instance to believe any proposition for which there is insufficient empirical evidence. However, he does not provide a clearly workable formula or method by which to determine at what point evidence becomes sufficient to ascribe one's belief to a given proposition. Descartes, from his rationalistic point of view, explicitly suggests a manner by which claims can be said to be false--if there is sufficient cause to doubt them."

Tags:rationalism, empiricism, senses, existence

Abstract
This paper discusses the intercultural communication problems evident in Clifford Chance's New York office as the British firm entered the American market. Strategies for dealing with the issues are recommended.

From the Paper
"There is probably no greater example of intercultural communication's impact on a work environment than the debacle at the Clifford Chance law firm's New York office. Clifford Chance, a highly respected international law firm-the world's largest in fact with lawyers in many countries-had entered the New York market in in a merger with the prestigious Rogers Wells law firm. (Fernandez) Although Clifford Chance had expanded similarly in other countries around the world, the culture clash between its corporate culture rooted in British legal tradition and..."

Tags:law firm, Clifford Chance, intercultural, British, American, communication

Abstract
This paper is about the lie that is the Hollywood dream - the corruption and emptiness underneath the glitz and glamor of fame-seekers. It also explores how Hollywood and the public relate to each other - the public's need for excitement and drama found in the movies. The paper shows how the reality of Hollywood is seen through two works - a play called "The Big Knife" by Clifford Odet and Nathanael West's "The Day of the Locust." By analyzing the two main characters in these pieces of literature, the paper highlights the grim reality of the Hollywood machine.

From the Paper
"Fame, fortune, glitter and glamor lure many into Hollywood basket of dreams and promises. But for many blinded by the glimmer, they soon discover that it's all an elaborate illusion. Sunshine, fruit trees, and a place where anything is possible, dreams come true and happy endings proves to be nothing but an empty wasteland of corruption, greed and shattered dreams. The dream factory turns out to be more like a filth-factory. Very few of the faceless millions ever break into the "big time" and ever see the promised money, fortune and fame. Those "lucky" few who do make it big, see their name up in lights, make millions and are hailed as sex idols either become one of the corrupt themselves or find themselves trapped in the nasty web of lies, deceit, falsehood and cruelty. This is exactly what happens to Charlie Cass in Clifford Odets' The Big Knife and Faye Greener in Nathanael West's The Day of the Locust. Odets and West clearly map out the hellish reality of buying into the Hollywood illusion, its devastating effects, and the dynamic relationship between Hollywood and the public that feeds the fire and keeps the inferno burning."

Tags:clifford, film, media, movies, Charlie, Cass, Marcus, Hoff, Faye, Greener

Abstract
This paper follows the historical development of Clifford's theory of ethnographic authority. It also attempts to expand upon these notions, especially as they pertain to developments in the last decade and the new notion of anthropologist as autobiographer. It discusses the evolution of this field, and how in the last few years an increasingly popular form of anthropology has centered around the use of autobiographical writing, and it's impact on the field.

From the Paper
"It appears almost as if, some twelve years after Clifford s article, the history of hermeneutics he discussed and critiqued has come full circle. The pronoun the used in description has become I, and the professionalization of anthropology has, while anything but disintegrated, at least had to re-recognize the power of voices outside its own. This adds an interesting new chapter to Clifford s discussion of hermeneutics. Not that all, or even a large amount, of anthropology has become autobiographical in nature. Nor does it mean that this is necessarily an all positive and un-critiqued movement. Not only is the idea of an autobiographer and self ethnographer not widely accepted, but there are still very few traditional ethnographic texts with a large voice by informants."

Tags:anthropology, clifford, fisher, literature, seyhan, writing, autobiographical, nature, culture, texts, hermeneutics, interpretation, language

Abstract
A look at differing outlooks on religion as seen through the eyes of Clifford (mathematician and philosopher) and James (philosopher and psychologist). The paper asks if James' treatment of Clifford in "The Will to Believe" was fair? Were his arguments against Clifford consistent? Did he take into account all that Clifford wrote in "The Ethics of Belief"? The writer claims that the answer to all three questions is "No". The writer gives a brief exposition of both James' and Clifford's essays and then focuses on James' attack on Clifford.The paper refers to some passages in Clifford's "The Ethics of Religion" and also to James's "The Sentiment of Rationality."

From the Paper
"The topic of Clifford's paper is revealed in its title. It is about ethics and belief and that only. It is not about deciding to act, guessing or gambling, nor about hypotheses. According to Clifford, "it is wrong, always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence" (DDR, 181). Put otherwise, whenever we have insufficient evidence, we have a moral duty to suspend judgment and to go on inquiring. Clifford introduces his thesis through two stories. I will give the highlights of only the first one since the second story, though different, adds only reinforcement to the points already demonstrated in the first. A ship owner faces a dilemma; he has doubts as to the seaworthiness of his vessel. He stifles those doubts by working on them, by trying to convince himself that his fears have no ground. He lets the ship sail. It sinks. But our ship owner's culpability goes undiscovered; not a witness survives to tell the tale. And the insurance company pays up. Clifford judges, as the majority of us I am sure would, that the ship owner did wrong. Suppose, he adds, that the belief, nourished and fostered by attention only to favorable evidence (unfavorable evidence not being conducive to establishing the wanted belief), has taken a genuine hold. The verdict, he thinks, still stands. And he is right again. "

Tags:sentiment, rationality

Abstract
This paper discusses four of Clifford D. Simak's novels - "City" (written from 1944 to 1974), "Time and Again" (1951), "Way Station" (1963) and "Highway of Eternity" (1986). The paper describes the invention of the 'other' in Simak's novels and how it manifests itself in three different sub-patterns which can be regarded as the building blocks of a larger process of his writing.

Table of Contents:
Table of Abbreviations
Introduction
Chapter I: The Self and the Other
Author and Context
Imagining the Other
Chapter II: Clifford Simak's Writing Process
The Other - Some Technical Aspects
Representing the Writing Process
Chapter III: The Author Representing the Self
Reader and Writer
The Figures of the Writer
Conclusion
Appendix 1
Appendix 2

From the Paper
"When I considered the title of the present thesis and the literary genre the following study was to be based upon, it seemed difficult not to view the whole with a certain suspicion simply because of the juxtaposition of the terms "inventing" and "Other". On the one hand, SF is predisposed to speculation about new inventions - technological, scientific, political, economic and even sociological. On the other hand, the concern about the "Other" and all the problems the notion automatically generates have for long stood at the basis of criticism in the field. The impossibility to come to terms with the plethora of creatures that authors reinvent all the time and that are frequently labelled "the Other" often results in conflicting theories about the importance of finding and preserving one's identity. Simultaneously, the traditional SF issues of alienation are often dismissed as foolproof demands for toleration on the author's part. Looking back at a genre with a history of almost a century, it seems that it has forged itself the reputation of being a medium where repetitive attempts are made to deal with all these notions more or less successfully. Taken separately, "inventing" and "other" are not very likely to stir one's attention on the account of sheer originality. Taken together, however, both notions appear to pose a different problem where the Other is considered as an invention on the same level with the rest of the SF paraphernalia. The Other becomes a personal and sociological invention and to treat it as such would mean to invest the notion with sense that might not necessarily have been there had I chosen a more descriptive approach.The definition of the Other has proved to be complex just because it is most often based on what is repeatedly called "the Self" in many works of literary criticism, philosophy and psychoanalysis. It is somewhat problematic to get out of the vicious circle that is formed when we realise that "the Self" itself is only definable when in contact with that same Other we are trying to describe. There is rarely a short story or a novel in the genre that has not described the contact between a human and alien of some sort and these stories inevitably propose their own reflection on the human condition. Apparently, humanity has desperately been trying to seem unique, no matter whether that uniqueness be negatively or positively charged and most of the SF we know is directly or indirectly, exclusively or partly concerned with corroborating that impression. An awareness of the inverse, however, started to plague humanity hundreds of years before the beginning of what we now call the Golden Age of SF. All claims to uniqueness were overthrown when Galileo first peeped through a trinket he had bought on the market and used it to study the visible sky. The fixed, immutable identity that humanity had fabricated for itself was no longer stable and reassuring. From then on, the possibility of a contact with forms of life unknown to us has never ceased to grow and to comprehend the manifestly incongruous idea, the need to imagine an otherness not only within but without our world imposed itself. The invented Other came to be and it was there, invisible and yet staring down at a world plunged in confusion, a world that would never seem the same. This study is, therefore, an attempt to direct the attention to the numerous manifestations of that fictional Other. It will be based on the Other that comes into existence only within the limited space of a Simak novel because the notion "the Other" has a definite meaning only when it is being invented by a specific author in a specific text."

Tags:science, fiction, inventions, alien, self