Abstract
The paper provides the client's identifying information and history. The paper describes the client as a 52 year-old female, Emily Hoff, with two children, ages 20 and 28 (both female) that live in the home. The paper relates that both children attend college and rely on their parents for complete support, Emily is divorced from her first husband and is in the progress of divorcing her second husband, although the husband still lives in the family home, Emily was a teacher for 25 years, although she left her teaching position to remain in the home, she is now completely dependent on her second husband for an income and is seeking a job due to the impending divorce. The paper notes that Outside of her immediate family, Emily has a mother that is in a nursing home, whom she visits each weekend, Emily has been estranged from her father for a long period and is unaware of his whereabouts, the client has one older brother, age 60, that lives close by and is married. The paper mentions that the client does see the brother often, although the brother and his wife are alcoholics and the primary reason for the sibling contact is for the brother to request financial or emotional assistance from Emily.

From the Paper
"Identifying information and history. The client is a 52 year-old female, Emily Hoff. Emily has two children, ages 20 and 28 (both female) that live in the home. Both children attend college and rely on their parents for complete support. Emily is divorced from her first husband and is in the progress of divorcing her second husband, although the husband still lives in the family home. Emily was a teacher for 25 years, although she left her teaching position to remain in the home. She is now completely dependent on her second husband for an income and is seeking a job due to..."

Tags:psych, therapy, client

Abstract
The paper provides an assessment of the client, which includes her identifying information and history, the presenting problem of depression and the therapist's behavioral observations. The paper looks at the appropriate DSM Multi-axis diagnosis of Axis I and alternatively, Axis IV. The paper discusses the treatment plan of cognitive-behavioral therapy and examines five problem areas that exist and the interventions that will be utilized. The paper then evaluates the pros and cons of this plan and presents an overall subjective evaluation of the transcript.

Outline:
Assessment
Diagnostic Formulation
Theoretical Formulation and Treatment Plan
Evaluation of Transcript

From the Paper
"The client is a 52 year-old female, Emily Hoff. Emily has two children, ages 20 and 28 (both female) that live in the home. Both children attend college and rely on their parents for complete support. Emily is divorced from her first husband and is in the progress of divorcing her second husband, although the husband still lives in the family home. Emily was a teacher for 25 years, although she left her teaching position to remain in the home. She is now completely dependent on her second husband for an income and is seeking a job due to the impending divorce."

Tags:DSM, Multiaxis, diagnosis, cognitive-behavioral, therapy, depression

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the concepts of motivation and self-actualization, and the relationship between these two principles of self-growth. Included will be an examination of the way in which the principles of general semantics deal with "self-actualization," a look at Carl Rogers and Alfred Adler, and a discussion of motivation as it relates to the business sector, with particular emphasis on achievement.

There are two views of security, namely, the static and the dynamic. The static concept of security may be pictured by thinking of an oyster inside its shell, the frightened person behind his neurotic defenses, or prewar France behind the Maginot Line. The main idea in the static concept of security is to build up enough protective walls and to sit still inside them. The search for security for many people still is the task of ... "

Abstract
This paper presents a summary and critique of a psychology experiment by John R. Sumerlin on Maslow's theory of self-actualization concerning the relationship between hope and self-actualization.

From the Paper
"The following essay includes a summary and critique of John R. Sumerlin's experiment on Maslow's theory of self-actualization. By conducting research on a population of graduate students, Sumerlin maintains that self-actualization involves striving, courage, risk-taking, openness to experience and attainment of personality growth capacity. Maslow's theory of needs is illustrated including his views that self-actualized individuals represent the most healthy and enriched human beings. Results of the study may demonstrate gender bias. Women scored higher on self-actualization but do confirm the

Tags:hierarchy of needs, motivation, risk-taking, achievement, capacity, courage, curiosity, goals, human development and growth

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the characters of John Grimes in "Go Tell It On the Mountain" by James Baldwin against Paul Marshall's character of Selina Boyce in "Brown Girl, Brownstone" in order to demonstrate that these characters relied heavily on the influence of family in order to achieve self- actualization. These characters are examined in terms of the hardships that served as barriers to this self- actualization, as well as their relationship with specific family members.

Abstract
This paper explains that Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy emphasizes the attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship as the prime determinants of the outcome of the therapeutic process. The author relates the concepts of Rogers and the advantage of the global presence of his therapy. The paper points out the goals, the role of the therapist and the equality relationship between the client and the therapist. The author feels that the empathetic understanding aspect of person-centered therapy would fall inline with what the Bible teaches.

From the Paper
"The actualizing tendency is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, self-determination, and perfection. This growth force within us provides an internal source of healing, but it does not imply a movement away from relationships, interdependence, connection, or socialization. This positive view of human nature has significant implications for the practice of therapy. Because of the belief that the individual has an inherent capacity to move away from maladjustment and toward psychological health, the therapist places the primary responsibility on the client."

Tags:client-therapist equality self-actualization, reflective style, integration

Abstract
The paper discusses client centered therapy, a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers throughout the 1940s and 50s. The paper explores how the focus of the therapy is on the client, as the therapist allows the client to discuss issues within his or her life. Through the client's own words he or she is capable of discovering answers to life issues, being supported by the therapist through questions and answer, clarification of thoughts, or restating situations. The paper further discusses how client-centered therapy is a non-directed approach in which the therapist allows the client to talk and discuss answers by themselves.

From the Paper
"Events in life can often lead the individual to doubt whether he or she has any control over the present or the future. As conditions mount at different crossroads of existence, the feeling or powerlessness begins to extend into every realm of being. This was the condition of this writer's world a few years ago after a painful divorce and the death of my father. It was at that time, therefore, that counseling seemed the only method of recovery. The initial point of attending therapy was to be capable of handling that moment in time. What was discovered, however, was that I had not lost the power to control my world; I had only briefly lost my way."

Tags:client, centered, therapy

Abstract
The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, ?Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during client centered (Rogerian) therapy??. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers?s work and into ?projective testing? itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers?s Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client
Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a "first response" to each word. Following Galton's work, Carl Jung - a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud - utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were "constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue" (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a "delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word" can indicate the existence of a complex."

Tags:Alfred, Binet, Galton, Inkblot, test

Abstract
This paper examines how African-Americans' repeated struggles to obtain freedom from Southern slavery as well as their quest for social, economic and educational equality with whites, have been starkly and vividly described by a number of African-American authors. It points out that among these are the black educational leader Booker T. Washington; the novelist, short story writer and essayist Zora Neale Hurston and the novelist Ralph Ellison. The paper analyzes Washington's "The Atlanta Exposition", Hurston's "How It Feels to Be Colored Me" and Ellison's "Battle Royal" in terms of depictions of the African-American struggle toward equality, freedom and self-actualization.

From the Paper
"The "gradualism" argued for by Washington, in what is known now as his "Atlanta Compromise Speech", as a way of blacks' slowly gaining equality with whites through vocational education, pleased Washington's, mostly Southern white, audience at the 1894 Atlanta Exposition. Southern whites, worried about losing economic ground to former slaves, were happy to accept Washington's views of gradual progress for blacks through vocational education, although in hindsight this was not the best way for blacks to achieve equality with whites."
"Zora Neale Hurston's essay "How It feels to be Colored Me" (1928), is written from the perspective of a 20th century African American woman, who feels, more than 60 years after the abolition of slavery, sanguine about being black in America."

Tags:blacks, liberty, slavery, colored

Abstract
This paper traces the development of self in western civilization through various literary works and political and philosophical writings. First, the paper considers the idea of the self in general, and then moves into more specifics. Among the various approaches considered is the mind-body connection of self. This is examined in light of the outlooks of Descartes and Leibniz. Next, the paper address the self and the social contract of John Locke. Then, the paper changes gears and explores self from a literary viewpoint, analyzing Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein." In particular, it notes the many aspect of the complex relationship between Victor and his creation. Next, the paper delves into self from the perspective of Olaudah Equiano, a freed slave, as expressed in his autobiography. The paper concludes by analyzing self from an economic outlook through the writings of Marx and Adam Smith, comparing and contrasting their opinions.


Outline:

The Self and the Mind-Body Problem
The Self- the Social Contract and John Locke
The Self, Duality, and Ego in Frankenstein
Slavery, Freedom, and a Sense of Self for Olaudah Equiano
Alienation and the Inability to Self-Actualize for Marx
Modernism and Adam Smith: Self and the Wealth of Nations

From the Paper
"The self and the mind-body problem: For instance, the self may or may not be connected to the body. The "mind-body problem" has been debated by a number of notable philosophers like Descartes and Leibniz. Both duelists, Descartes and Leibniz posited that the mind and body are separate entities. Descartes assumed that the mind and the body interact causally; the impulses or actions of one impact the impulses or reactions of the other. Although he was also a dualist regarding the mind-body problem, Leibniz suggested that the mind and body interact simultaneously. Monistic philosophers also range in their treatment of the mind-body problem. Materialists suppose that there is nothing beyond the physical, - that the mind is but an illusion. Identity theory proposes the idea that the brain is the actual origin of the mind. Practically the opposite of materialistic theories, idealism suggests that all matter is merely a construct of the mind. Finally, philosophers like Spinoza and Russell believed that a separate substance or quality transcended both body and mind. The nature of self is not limited to theories of mind versus body. The nature of self can also be constructed socially, in relation to other people.."

Tags:John Locke, Frankenstein, communism, Karl Marx, Descartes