Abstract This paper explains that Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy emphasizes the attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship as the prime determinants of the outcome of the therapeutic process. The author relates the concepts of Rogers and the advantage of the global presence of his therapy. The paper points out the goals, the role of the therapist and the equality relationship between the client and the therapist. The author feels that the empathetic understanding aspect of person-centered therapy would fall inline with what the Bible teaches.
From the Paper "The actualizing tendency is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, self-determination, and perfection. This growth force within us provides an internal source of healing, but it does not imply a movement away from relationships, interdependence, connection, or socialization. This positive view of human nature has significant implications for the practice of therapy. Because of the belief that the individual has an inherent capacity to move away from maladjustment and toward psychological health, the therapist places the primary responsibility on the client."
Abstract The paper provides an assessment of the client, which includes her identifying information and history, the presenting problem of depression and the therapist's behavioral observations. The paper looks at the appropriate DSM Multi-axis diagnosis of Axis I and alternatively, Axis IV. The paper discusses the treatment plan of cognitive-behavioral therapy and examines five problem areas that exist and the interventions that will be utilized. The paper then evaluates the pros and cons of this plan and presents an overall subjective evaluation of the transcript.
Outline:
Assessment
Diagnostic Formulation
Theoretical Formulation and Treatment Plan
Evaluation of Transcript
From the Paper "The client is a 52 year-old female, Emily Hoff. Emily has two children, ages 20 and 28 (both female) that live in the home. Both children attend college and rely on their parents for complete support. Emily is divorced from her first husband and is in the progress of divorcing her second husband, although the husband still lives in the family home. Emily was a teacher for 25 years, although she left her teaching position to remain in the home. She is now completely dependent on her second husband for an income and is seeking a job due to the impending divorce."
Abstract The paper discusses client centered therapy, a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers throughout the 1940s and 50s. The paper explores how the focus of the therapy is on the client, as the therapist allows the client to discuss issues within his or her life. Through the client's own words he or she is capable of discovering answers to life issues, being supported by the therapist through questions and answer, clarification of thoughts, or restating situations. The paper further discusses how client-centered therapy is a non-directed approach in which the therapist allows the client to talk and discuss answers by themselves.
From the Paper "Events in life can often lead the individual to doubt whether he or she has any control over the present or the future. As conditions mount at different crossroads of existence, the feeling or powerlessness begins to extend into every realm of being. This was the condition of this writer's world a few years ago after a painful divorce and the death of my father. It was at that time, therefore, that counseling seemed the only method of recovery. The initial point of attending therapy was to be capable of handling that moment in time. What was discovered, however, was that I had not lost the power to control my world; I had only briefly lost my way."
Abstract This paper takes a look at counseling gays and lesbians. It looks at this group from a cultural standpoint, going through the history of the culture and the discrimination it has faced, as well as the continuing discrimination it experiences. It looks at how counselors can be more sensitive to the issues that face gays and lesbians who seek counseling. Some of these issues include how family dynamics affect the counseling relationship, sexually transmitted diseases, and how the discrimination against this population can affect the client. This paper also looks at the steps counselors can take to become more aware of this population and how they can increase their multicultural awareness towards this group, all in the hopes of providing the best client-therapist relationship possible.
From the Paper "Attitudes toward homosexuality are complex and multifaceted (Davies, 2004). Many people have mixed feelings about gays, lesbians and bisexuals. There is a lot of controversy over what causes people to prefer one sexual orientation over another. Some professionals believe it is organic, while others think it is a learned behavior. Many factors also contribute to the treatment of gays, lesbians and bisexual (LGB) clients. To understand many of these issues the history of the population, discrimination factors, and current problems facing this group need to be looked at."
A discussion on cognitive behavioral theories and an examination of the author's personal theory of psychology and approach to client-therapist relationships.
Abstract This paper looks at the author's foundation theories in a multi-modal treatment of the client's mental problems. The paper examines how, if the root of a problem is found in early childhood, and has expressed itself then or later in an adult, then the author may treat the condition with the techniques of K. Egan and other cognitive-behavioral theories.The paper includes an analysis of Egan's theory and a brief overview of cognitive-behavioral theories. The author displays his own preferences for how he would approach the client-therapist relationship.
From the Paper "The Egan model is particularly helpful for clients who are still in the early stages of personality development, especially younger people. This model helps him or her work on things in the recent past or in the present. The next step would be to choose the strategy that is best for him or her. Finding their particular talents, resources, style, temperament, and timetable is a valuable exercise for the future. It involves asking: "What actions are best for me?" It might mean introducing the idea of strategy, and to involving the client creating a list of pros and cons of possible results of different actions."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses Carl Roger's client-centered theory. According to the paper, the most important characteristic a therapist can hold is one of empathy. The paper further discusses how Roger's approach is based on humanist theories in which the human must be considered first and foremost as a human and not as a scientific machine.
From the Paper "This practice of treating each person as an individual means that the therapist must respond to each and every individual based on the client's needs (Pollack, 1993). This does not mean, however, that each client should be treated different. In each case of therapy, self actualization is the goal, and there are different methods and different levels necessary to achieve this (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). But there are three key factors which the therapist should use to and they are: "congruency (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). Already discussed, congruency is important because a client will notice if a therapist is not genuine. Positive regard is the notion that the client shall not be judged by the therapist, as humans are positive, and thus the therapist should be unconditional in the positive regard of the client. Lastly, the therapist must try to understand the emotions of the client, and help to bring forth the reasons those emotions exist. In the end, this means according to Rogers that the client is moved "forward in a constructive direction without intervening and assuming therapeutic expertise" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). In other words, the therapist should reflect and maintain a positive attitude, and let the client move towards self actualization. The therapist is responsible to treat each person as an individual within these guidelines in order to help the client."
Abstract This is a reaction paper based on an interview with a therapist in private practice who treats mostly elderly clients. It discusses record-keeping practices and professionalism, privacy, and the function of therapy for the elderly.
Abstract This research paper discusses the significant problem of clients who are reluctant to share negative feelings about their therapy experiences in modern counseling. According to the paper, the researchers had the thought that if clients will not willingly share negative feelings about their therapy experiences, then maybe there exist other communication mediums through which these negative feelings are being transmitted.
From the Paper "Interestingly, most of the nonverbal cues that the researchers were looking for turned out to be non-important, or rather non-significant. Though there were a total of nine nonverbal communication cues that the judges were asked to evaluate for, only three of them showed any measure of significance when contrasted with the self-reported data by the volunteer clients and therapists. The only significant associations that could be found were for horizontal head movements, vertical head movements, and speech hesitations. The other nonverbal cues had no significance attached to them, once researchers compared the findings of the judges with the data from both the clients and the therapists (Hill and Stephany, 1990). This is an important finding because it help the researchers determine whether or not any of the nonverbal cues could be used by therapists to evaluate responses and look for inconsistencies. Because other research has indicated that nonverbal cues can be laden with emotion, and even be important indicators of deception, understanding the use of nonverbal cues in response to certain questions by therapists can give those therapists an important point of reference in evaluating responses."
Abstract Unlike therapy and psychological assessments at the individual level, an entirely new level of complications emerges when we deal with those same disciplines at the group level. For the practicing psychologist at the individual level, one needs only to agree to meet with the client and then proceed to do so according to the individual needs and capacity of the client. However, when one considers the group environment, wherein the psychologist collectively works with several patients who are also encouraged to work with one another, client selection in particular can be made all the more difficult. This paper compares the differences for the practicing psychologist in client selection at the individual level vs. the group level. The paper points out that all the the process is more complicated at the group level, there are also benefits to be had in the group session such as more voices and more interaction, which can be especially helpful in socialization cases or for mood improvement.
Abstract This paper analyzes several studies regarding the influence of gender on the counselor - client relationship. In particular, the studies draw attention to the importance of looking at gender in the counselor-client relationship and its impact on behavior change. In particular, the author uses the stages of changes of the transtheoretical model to explore the ability of a client to change. The theory is described at length and according to its various stages. The paper concludes with a consideration of male psychotherapy clients and their perceptions and willingness to change.
From the Paper "Research studies with respect to gender in counseling vis-a-vis the impact of a counselor's gender in a client's ability to change have been sparse and equivocal showing a need for further research in the area. Of the studies that have been done with respect to the impact of gender in counseling focused on matching counselor and client based on a number of variables such as ethnicity, gender, and language (Hall, Guterman, et al., 2002). Such studies usually focused on only one ethnic group. Some studies focused clients' preference for specific counselor characteristics. Other studies focused on predicting client expectations in counseling (Robitschek & Hershberger, 2005). There have also been studies investigating the interaction of male clients' characteristics and male counselors' gender role conflict as a basis for counselor bias (Wisch, 1997). Wisch (1997) noted a number of theoretical works that point to the significance of a counselor's gender as a potential influence on the counseling process."
Abstract This paper analyzes the ethical code for social workers that emphasizes the confidentiality of the client and suggests that the privacy and the trust that a client puts into the social worker must not be breached regardless of the situation.
Abstract "This paper discusses security for client/server computing and how to develop it, noting that term client/server was first used in the 1980s and referred to personal computers on a network. The paper shows that information security refers to the need to protect the data being transferred over a network or stored in a computer, with threats from outsiders, from the system itself if it does not maintain data and assure validity, and from other threats to privacy as well.
From the Paper "Computer security is a major issue in a number of computing situations. Information security refers to the need to protect the data being transferred over a network or stored in a computer. Data security can be compromised in a number of ways, such as being accessed by unauthorized personnel, intercepted during a transfer, or otherwise transferred to a different computer system. Security is a concern for different types of computer system, and there needs to be a consideration of the different security elements needed in designing any such system. The term client/server was first used in the 1980s and referred to personal computers on a network."
Abstract This paper examines the way in which clients at an agency are affected by general labels being ascribed to them. The paper explains that it is evident that their reactions are influenced by a number of factors, including their self-esteem, their perception of their relationship with the agency and its personnel and the style of communication used by the personnel they interact with. The paper contends that as a result, agency personnel should be aware of these issues and address them accordingly.
This paper examines the lack of equality between the sexes that exists not only in the workforce, but in various areas of sports and athletics as well.
Abstract This paper explores the normally male dominated field of sports and athletics and the lack of equality between the sexes in this area. The writer of this paper contends that in most instances, equality of opportunity between the genders is mandated by U.S. law. This paper examines the Equal Employment Opportunity Act which is the major legislation mandating equality in employment as well as Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments that mandates a move toward equality in college sports. This paper focuses on the career of jockey Julie Krone who was inducted into the Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame in 2000. The writer discusses Krone's battle with prejudice in a male-dominated field, that had at one time gotten her so depressed she had contemplated suicide. This paper details the various laws and achievements of exceptional women have struggled to bring about true equality in the field of sports. This paper also contains the text of two published articles regarding women and sports, that were used in researching this paper.
Outline:
Sports Equality at the College Level
Equality in Sports Professions
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Krone made it in a man's sport and profession; it would be logical that other women would have followed in her footsteps. If one were to gauge the possibilities on the basis of a 1985 National Geographic production, The Ballad of the Irish Horse, one might think of equine sports and professions as the perfect place for women to break into a man's world. The father of a junior rider who competes in pony races, with betting and purses and all, said he didn't particularly like his teenaged daughter exposed to the dangers, but she loved it so much and was so good at it, he didn't have the heart to stop her. In the same production, there is also a women veterinarian at the Irish National Stud, breeder of many of the world's great race horses, and a segment on Lady Anne Hemphill, founder of Pony Club in Ireland, an organization to which many equine professionals once belonged."
Tags: women, gender, rights, equality, julie, krone, law
Abstract This paper traces the history, origins and evolution of the Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Acts as well as the opposition to such laws. The paper also looks at which agencies enforce and control the Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Acts and how they are enforced. Furthermore, the paper examines both affirmative action and equal opportunity litigation, the outcomes of the litigation and the repercussions of those outcomes. Finally, the paper discusses the effects of the Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Acts on America and how minorities feel when they receive unequal treatment.
From the Paper "The policies of affirmative action aiming at assisting the black Americans are of recent origin. The policies have sought its origin to varied sources like legal structure, executive instructions, and court rulings. It was during the last three decades that these policies were being developed and they have become debatable as well. (Legal History) During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, a large number of African-Americans officiated in important public posts inclusive of two senators and 20 members in the House. However withdrawal of sustenance for reconstruction by the federal government in the late nineteenth century, the benefits extended to African Americans were wiped out and substituted by a system of legal segregation such as that of Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans. (Affirmative Action: Background)"
