Abstract The paper discusses clientcenteredtherapy, a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers throughout the 1940s and 50s. The paper explores how the focus of the therapy is on the client, as the therapist allows the client to discuss issues within his or her life. Through the client's own words he or she is capable of discovering answers to life issues, being supported by the therapist through questions and answer, clarification of thoughts, or restating situations. The paper further discusses how client-centeredtherapy is a non-directed approach in which the therapist allows the client to talk and discuss answers by themselves.
From the Paper "Events in life can often lead the individual to doubt whether he or she has any control over the present or the future. As conditions mount at different crossroads of existence, the feeling or powerlessness begins to extend into every realm of being. This was the condition of this writer's world a few years ago after a painful divorce and the death of my father. It was at that time, therefore, that counseling seemed the only method of recovery. The initial point of attending therapy was to be capable of handling that moment in time. What was discovered, however, was that I had not lost the power to control my world; I had only briefly lost my way."
Abstract A paper comparing Client-centeredTherapy and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Both types of therapy are defined and then compared to each other. The paper includes informatuin about techniques, strengths and weaknesses, problem development, resolution and intervention techniques.
Abstract The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, ?Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during clientcentered (Rogerian) therapy??. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers's work and into "projective testing" itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers's Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-CenteredTherapy and Listening to the Client Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-CenteredTherapy Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-CenteredTherapy Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a "first response" to each word. Following Galton's work, Carl Jung ? a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud ? utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were "constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue" (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a "delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word" can indicate the existence of a complex."
Abstract This paper takes a look at Reality therapy and client-centeredtherapy, comparing and contrasting the approach that each therapy takes to counseling. The paper discusses humanistic theories and self-actualization, as well as the theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The paper also talks about the fundamental task of all therapists.
From the Paper "Humanistic theories and related therapies including client-centered or person-centered therapy regard people as unique, self-determined and worthy of respect and see human development as guided by a variety of human needs. Key humanistic theorists include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both of whom take a holistic view of human growth that attempts to account for all of the diverse aspects of human experience. Humanistic theories propose that individuals pursue self-actualization and the acquisition of unconditional positive regard..."
Tags: Reality Threay, William Glasser, Carl ROgers, client-centeredtherapy
Abstract Weight issues are a concern of millions of people within the country on a daily basis. Physicians have repeatedly warned Americans that being overweight can create serious health issues such as diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Yet, although this common information exists, obesity remains a national health concern and does not appear to be diminishing to any significant degree. This may be because many overweight individuals excessively eat in response to emotional upheaval in their lives. When pressure is applied from outside sources to loose weight, the emotional tension becomes even more severe, causing more weight to be gained and obesity to appear to be permanent in the individual's life. This paper examines person-centeredtherapy as an approach to assisting people with weight loss.
Abstract This paper explains that Carl Rogers' person-centeredtherapy emphasizes the attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship as the prime determinants of the outcome of the therapeutic process. The author relates the concepts of Rogers and the advantage of the global presence of his therapy. The paper points out the goals, the role of the therapist and the equality relationship between the client and the therapist. The author feels that the empathetic understanding aspect of person-centeredtherapy would fall inline with what the Bible teaches.
From the Paper "The actualizing tendency is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, self-determination, and perfection. This growth force within us provides an internal source of healing, but it does not imply a movement away from relationships, interdependence, connection, or socialization. This positive view of human nature has significant implications for the practice of therapy. Because of the belief that the individual has an inherent capacity to move away from maladjustment and toward psychological health, the therapist places the primary responsibility on the client."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses Carl Roger's client-centered theory. According to the paper, the most important characteristic a therapist can hold is one of empathy. The paper further discusses how Roger's approach is based on humanist theories in which the human must be considered first and foremost as a human and not as a scientific machine.
From the Paper "This practice of treating each person as an individual means that the therapist must respond to each and every individual based on the client's needs (Pollack, 1993). This does not mean, however, that each client should be treated different. In each case of therapy, self actualization is the goal, and there are different methods and different levels necessary to achieve this (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). But there are three key factors which the therapist should use to and they are: "congruency (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). Already discussed, congruency is important because a client will notice if a therapist is not genuine. Positive regard is the notion that the client shall not be judged by the therapist, as humans are positive, and thus the therapist should be unconditional in the positive regard of the client. Lastly, the therapist must try to understand the emotions of the client, and help to bring forth the reasons those emotions exist. In the end, this means according to Rogers that the client is moved "forward in a constructive direction without intervening and assuming therapeutic expertise" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). In other words, the therapist should reflect and maintain a positive attitude, and let the client move towards self actualization. The therapist is responsible to treat each person as an individual within these guidelines in order to help the client."
Abstract This paper discusses Carl Rogers as the founder of client-centeredtherapy. It first describes and examines his concept of client-centeredtherapy and how it needs to be applied by therapists during treatment sessions. The paper then looks at the ways that Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Client-CenteredTherapy Positive Psychology Movement
Carl Rogers and Positive Psychology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Many of Carl Rogers's ideas have been influential on modern psychological practices, and specifically in the area of positive psychology. Client-centered therapy is humanistic in nature and is concerned with the quality of human experience. Froh (2004) posits that positive psychology mimics the ideas of Rogers's theory in that it emphasizes the importance of positive subjective experiences to achieve significant personal growth, even though many positive psychologists have attempted to distance themselves and the new theory from past models of therapy. Many positive psychology theorists believe that those in the humanistic realm did not use scientific methodologies as a foundation for their theories. However, "humanistic psychology has an extensive research base that uses both positivistic and phenomenological designs" (Misiak & Sexton, 1973; as cited in Froh, p. 19)."
Abstract The paper examines existential therapy which believes that one lives and makes choices based on the limits of one's observations and experiences. The paper explains that the therapeutic goals of existential therapy are to see the client becoming self-reliant when it comes to making good choices. The paper also looks at person-centeredtherapy, where the individual is seen as a self-determining agent responsible for the authenticity of his or her choices. The paper discusses how this therapy is essentially non-directive, but uses guidance to show how to use one's own latent resources to solve problems.
From the Paper "The Existential concept of human nature is that humans exist in a universe seen as purposeless and irrational and the individual thus has a unique opportunity to become self-determining and responsible for authenticating his or her choices. (Random, 1997) The philosopher, Yalom, who expanded on this existential theory, says that death, freedom and responsibility, isolation and meaninglessness are the root of most psychological problems and have no ultimate answers, that one may find one's own answers to these questions, and the answers are accessible without lengthy study and analysis. Rollo May, considered the father of American Existential Psychotherapy, was influenced by the theologian, Paul Tillich, and wrote about the existential experience in laymen's language in Love and Will and Freedom and Destiny. (Hoffman, 2004)"
Abstract Distinguishing between types of therapies is beneficial for those seeking to make change within social settings with specific or unique needs. Family centeredtherapies are one of the many different therapy strategies that can be applied to facilitate change. However while individual therapy tends to be defined as a relationship between two individuals with the purpose of achieving therapeutic change, the family systems therapy approach takes a more integrated process towards the close social units in which the individual seeking therapy resides. This paper identifies differences between the traditional individual therapy style of therapy and the family systems therapy approach.
Abstract This paper explains that, although the client's best interest is always the most important decision when choosing what kind of the many types therapeutic approaches to use with any single individual, it is still important for the therapist to have an understanding of his or her own personal choices and preferences. The author describes and compares existential therapy, the client-centered or person-centered approach developed by Carl Rogers and Gestalt therapy, which are forms of phenomenological or experiential (P/E) therapy.The paper concludes that the active involvement and holistic viewpoint of Gestalt therapy, mixed with an emphasis on philosophical thought, self-reflection, honesty and emotion in the broader existential therapies, to be an accurate reflection of the author's own personality and views of how individuals function.
From the Paper "Rogers considered his therapy a method of allowing for personal growth, and the unconditional positive regard and empathetic understanding were responsible for the provision of an atmosphere conducive to such growth. As an adult during the middle stages of my life, although I do still see the potential for personal growth, such issues are not paramount to my life. I prefer to view my life as a whole, and to see what I have accomplished as being an integral part of my personality."
Tags: behaviours structured deficiencies, problem solving, role
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the clinician/client relationship, created through the use of psychotherapy, is highly important when it comes to bringing about a radical transformation within the client. The writer points out that with reflective listening, the client is made to understand his/her problems from the bottom up and thus be convinced that the clinician truly cares about his or her mental predicament. In addition, the writer shows that reflective listening also creates a kind of symbiotic balance in which both client and clinician exist and function as one entity. With motivational interviewing, the process is relatively identical except for the direct focus upon creating motivation for positive change within the client. Thus, the writer demonstrates that psychotherapy, especially when based on the client-centered techniques of reflective listening and motivational interviewing, can bring about dramatic change in a person and result in a much better lifestyle for the client, yet only when the clinician is highly-skilled in the art of human relationships.
Outline:
General Definition
Psychotherapy--The Clinician Viewpoint
The Client Viewpoint
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
Reflective Listening
Motivational Interviewing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "For the clinician, whether a psychotherapist or a psychiatrist, there are three main goals to be accomplished during a session or a series of sessions with a client. First, the clinician must do everything within his/her ability to alleviate psychological pain which often comes in the form of distressing feelings or emotions, such as anxiety or depression, or in the form of symptoms like phobia, obsessions, compulsions, inhibitions, panic attacks, psychologically-based physical problems, sexual problems and types of mental derangement which prevent the clinician from accomplishing any or all of these traits. Also, the clinician must be able to set the client at ease, either through emotional comfort or by creating a new sense of happiness in the areas which are disturbing to the client."
Abstract This research paper discusses the significant problem of clients who are reluctant to share negative feelings about their therapy experiences in modern counseling. According to the paper, the researchers had the thought that if clients will not willingly share negative feelings about their therapy experiences, then maybe there exist other communication mediums through which these negative feelings are being transmitted.
From the Paper "Interestingly, most of the nonverbal cues that the researchers were looking for turned out to be non-important, or rather non-significant. Though there were a total of nine nonverbal communication cues that the judges were asked to evaluate for, only three of them showed any measure of significance when contrasted with the self-reported data by the volunteer clients and therapists. The only significant associations that could be found were for horizontal head movements, vertical head movements, and speech hesitations. The other nonverbal cues had no significance attached to them, once researchers compared the findings of the judges with the data from both the clients and the therapists (Hill and Stephany, 1990). This is an important finding because it help the researchers determine whether or not any of the nonverbal cues could be used by therapists to evaluate responses and look for inconsistencies. Because other research has indicated that nonverbal cues can be laden with emotion, and even be important indicators of deception, understanding the use of nonverbal cues in response to certain questions by therapists can give those therapists an important point of reference in evaluating responses."
This paper reviews psychological literature to discuss the philosophy, methods and effectiveness of humanist, non-directive therapy techniques; focus is on Carl Rogers.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, 1978, $ 111.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to review some of the literature dealing with client-centered therapy. Client-centered counseling and therapy was a radical departure from the field of therapy. It began in December 1940 when Carl R. Rogers, its leading exponent, presented a paper on the attitude and orientation of the counselor at the University of Minnesota. The paper later became a chapter in Rogers' controversial book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942). Basically Rogers proposed that therapy be nondirective rather than the current practice of directive techniques.
Counseling and Psychotherapy, unlike other writings, was almost entirely theory-free and empirical in tone. Controversy ensuing from the publication of Rogers' book has not yet subsided. The development of theory and research in all areas ... "
An overview of cognitive behavior therapy, focusing on the roles of the therapist and patient and how it compares to other therapies used in psychology.
3,720 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 6 sources, 2006, $ 133.95
Abstract This paper discusses cognitive behavioral therapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitive behavioral therapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centeredtherapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behavior therapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.
