Abstract The paper discusses clientcentered therapy, a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers throughout the 1940s and 50s. The paper explores how the focus of the therapy is on the client, as the therapist allows the client to discuss issues within his or her life. Through the client's own words he or she is capable of discovering answers to life issues, being supported by the therapist through questions and answer, clarification of thoughts, or restating situations. The paper further discusses how client-centered therapy is a non-directed approach in which the therapist allows the client to talk and discuss answers by themselves.
From the Paper "Events in life can often lead the individual to doubt whether he or she has any control over the present or the future. As conditions mount at different crossroads of existence, the feeling or powerlessness begins to extend into every realm of being. This was the condition of this writer's world a few years ago after a painful divorce and the death of my father. It was at that time, therefore, that counseling seemed the only method of recovery. The initial point of attending therapy was to be capable of handling that moment in time. What was discovered, however, was that I had not lost the power to control my world; I had only briefly lost my way."
Abstract The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, "Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during clientcentered (Rogerian) therapy"?. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers's work and into "projective testing" itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers's Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a "first response" to each word. Following Galton's work, Carl Jung ? a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud ? utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were "constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue" (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a "delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word" can indicate the existence of a complex."
Abstract A paper comparing Client-centered Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Both types of therapy are defined and then compared to each other. The paper includes informatuin about techniques, strengths and weaknesses, problem development, resolution and intervention techniques.
Abstract This paper takes a look at Reality therapy and client-centered therapy, comparing and contrasting the approach that each therapy takes to counseling. The paper discusses humanistic theories and self-actualization, as well as the theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The paper also talks about the fundamental task of all therapists.
From the Paper "Humanistic theories and related therapies including client-centered or person-centered therapy regard people as unique, self-determined and worthy of respect and see human development as guided by a variety of human needs. Key humanistic theorists include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both of whom take a holistic view of human growth that attempts to account for all of the diverse aspects of human experience. Humanistic theories propose that individuals pursue self-actualization and the acquisition of unconditional positive regard..."
Tags: Reality Threay, William Glasser, Carl ROgers, client-centered therapy
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses Carl Roger's client-centered theory. According to the paper, the most important characteristic a therapist can hold is one of empathy. The paper further discusses how Roger's approach is based on humanist theories in which the human must be considered first and foremost as a human and not as a scientific machine.
From the Paper "This practice of treating each person as an individual means that the therapist must respond to each and every individual based on the client's needs (Pollack, 1993). This does not mean, however, that each client should be treated different. In each case of therapy, self actualization is the goal, and there are different methods and different levels necessary to achieve this (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). But there are three key factors which the therapist should use to and they are: "congruency (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). Already discussed, congruency is important because a client will notice if a therapist is not genuine. Positive regard is the notion that the client shall not be judged by the therapist, as humans are positive, and thus the therapist should be unconditional in the positive regard of the client. Lastly, the therapist must try to understand the emotions of the client, and help to bring forth the reasons those emotions exist. In the end, this means according to Rogers that the client is moved "forward in a constructive direction without intervening and assuming therapeutic expertise" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). In other words, the therapist should reflect and maintain a positive attitude, and let the client move towards self actualization. The therapist is responsible to treat each person as an individual within these guidelines in order to help the client."
Abstract In this paper, the writer discusses his basic approach as a therapist to his clients. The writer relates that he identifies the problem and issues the client is struggling with and integrates four theories of psychology, with person-centered therapy as his point of departure. The writer also describes his collaborative relationship with the client and how the setting of goals for future sessions is a collaborative process between himself and the client. In addition, the writer explains his techniques and methods to understand client resistance and relates that at the end of therapy, the client-centered approach provides a basis of friendship that can help the client beyond the therapy sessions themselves.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem Identification
Key Concepts and Therapeutic Approach
Therapist-Client Relationship
Therapeutic Goals
Central Techniques and Methods
Resistance
Conclusion
From the Paper "As a therapist, my basic approach is to view the person in therapy as taking responsibility for his or her own life and problems. I believe that all human beings have a basis of good, and that it is my job as a therapist to help my patients find this seed of good inside themselves, however small. In order to do this however, I cannot try to force the process by attempting to force my view of human nature into the therapy session. Instead, it is my job to unconditionally accept my clients and their views as a basis for future therapy towards healing.
"As such, I need to accept that all my clients come to therapy with a certain past, containing events that they will not necessarily want to share. In this, I believe that it is important to help clients understand that their therapy is their own responsibility. This is also an important part of acceptance. Human existence is filled with difficulty, flaws, and depression. These things are helpful clues towards the subconscious processes that will eventually help me to help my clients take responsibility for their lives."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the clinician/client relationship, created through the use of psychotherapy, is highly important when it comes to bringing about a radical transformation within the client. The writer points out that with reflective listening, the client is made to understand his/her problems from the bottom up and thus be convinced that the clinician truly cares about his or her mental predicament. In addition, the writer shows that reflective listening also creates a kind of symbiotic balance in which both client and clinician exist and function as one entity. With motivational interviewing, the process is relatively identical except for the direct focus upon creating motivation for positive change within the client. Thus, the writer demonstrates that psychotherapy, especially when based on the client-centered techniques of reflective listening and motivational interviewing, can bring about dramatic change in a person and result in a much better lifestyle for the client, yet only when the clinician is highly-skilled in the art of human relationships.
Outline:
General Definition
Psychotherapy--The Clinician Viewpoint
The Client Viewpoint
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
Reflective Listening
Motivational Interviewing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "For the clinician, whether a psychotherapist or a psychiatrist, there are three main goals to be accomplished during a session or a series of sessions with a client. First, the clinician must do everything within his/her ability to alleviate psychological pain which often comes in the form of distressing feelings or emotions, such as anxiety or depression, or in the form of symptoms like phobia, obsessions, compulsions, inhibitions, panic attacks, psychologically-based physical problems, sexual problems and types of mental derangement which prevent the clinician from accomplishing any or all of these traits. Also, the clinician must be able to set the client at ease, either through emotional comfort or by creating a new sense of happiness in the areas which are disturbing to the client."
Abstract This paper discusses Carl Rogers as the founder of client-centered therapy. It first describes and examines his concept of client-centered therapy and how it needs to be applied by therapists during treatment sessions. The paper then looks at the ways that Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Client-Centered Therapy
Positive Psychology Movement
Carl Rogers and Positive Psychology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Many of Carl Rogers's ideas have been influential on modern psychological practices, and specifically in the area of positive psychology. Client-centered therapy is humanistic in nature and is concerned with the quality of human experience. Froh (2004) posits that positive psychology mimics the ideas of Rogers's theory in that it emphasizes the importance of positive subjective experiences to achieve significant personal growth, even though many positive psychologists have attempted to distance themselves and the new theory from past models of therapy. Many positive psychology theorists believe that those in the humanistic realm did not use scientific methodologies as a foundation for their theories. However, "humanistic psychology has an extensive research base that uses both positivistic and phenomenological designs" (Misiak & Sexton, 1973; as cited in Froh, p. 19)."
Abstract This paper studies the interplay between ethics and laws in counseling. Based on a case study of a client with addictive and self-destructive tendencies, the paper studies how ethics impact issues such as client confidentiality and truthfulness on the part of the counselor. Other issues the paper explores include client-centered counseling that considers the culture of the client and development of a treatment plan relevant to the client's perspective and goals.
Abstract This paper explains that Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy emphasizes the attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship as the prime determinants of the outcome of the therapeutic process. The author relates the concepts of Rogers and the advantage of the global presence of his therapy. The paper points out the goals, the role of the therapist and the equality relationship between the client and the therapist. The author feels that the empathetic understanding aspect of person-centered therapy would fall inline with what the Bible teaches.
From the Paper "The actualizing tendency is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, self-determination, and perfection. This growth force within us provides an internal source of healing, but it does not imply a movement away from relationships, interdependence, connection, or socialization. This positive view of human nature has significant implications for the practice of therapy. Because of the belief that the individual has an inherent capacity to move away from maladjustment and toward psychological health, the therapist places the primary responsibility on the client."
Abstract This paper explains that, from the standpoint of the author who is an asthmatic, the very first nursing action when dealing with someone suffering from an asthma attack should involve empathy for the patient. The author points out that the nurse's goals for asthma management are the prevention or reduction of attacks, patient education, maintaining normal activity levels for the patient and improving quality of life. The paper relates that, because asthma is a chronic illness, self-care, in which the patient decides the degree and quality of participation in her care, is a very important element in asthma management. The author states that nurses tend to error by seeing the individual as a passive patient and by agreeing only to the idea of self-management if it is a matter of collaboration with the nurse. The paper stresses that the most effective form of self-management is self-agency, which often includes activities with which nurses do not agree such as adjusting drug dosage.
From the Paper "Wilson and Kendall (2006) found from their own study that nurses felt very uncomfortable with the idea of clients as experts for their own lives. The general interpretation by nurses of this concept was that patients think they know better than the nurse. Even though nurses no longer view themselves as expert, many of them feel that patients with asthma are too influenced by the information they receive from the Internet (Wilson & Kendall, 2006). It was mentioned to me that I thought I knew it all. Many nurses are also fearful that if they agree to let the patient be expert, then they will be accountable for the patient's actions and will be liable to lawsuits."
Abstract The paper outlines the main principles of the person-centered theory and the cognitive behavioral theory. The paper focuses on the concepts of the person-centered theory and discusses the microskills and techniques that students would expect to be effective with this theory.
Outline:
Objective
Person-Centered Theory
Cognitive Behavioral Theory
Microskills and Effective Techniques
From the Paper "This theory was developed by Carl Rogers, an American psychologist who practiced in the 1930s and is a type of therapy that has as its goal the fostering of the client in cohesion of the idealized and actual self of the client. This therapy also has the goal of the client gaining a better understanding of 'self' as well as lowering the client's levels of "defensiveness, guilt, and insecurity" (Person-Centered Therapy, nd) Other goals in this therapy include the client gaining a more positive outlook in relationships and as well focuses on the client gaining an increase in the capacity to "experience and express feelings at the moment" (Person-Centered Therapy, nd) in which the feelings actually occur."
Abstract This paper takes a look at "The Fitness Center Information Systems Project (TFCISP)." According to the paper, the aim of the TFCISP is to assist 'The Fitness Center' in obtaining a competitive advantage over other fitness clubs by providing a system to help members plan a fitness program to meet their particular needs.
Outline:
TFCISP Roles and Responsibilities
The TFCISP Project Phases
Conclusion
From the Paper "To facilitate preparation next week of the formal project plan, concerned parties are hereby informed of general phases of the project. Minute details will be taken up during the development of the project plan. The project plan covers five (5) phases and follows the standards set out in the A Guide to the Project Management Book of Knowledge: PMBOK(r) Guide, Third Edition of the Project Management Institute (PMI, 2004) and the Capability Maturity Model - Integration (CMMISM) for Systems Engineering, Software Engineering, Integrated Product and Process Development, and Supplier Sourcing (CMMI-SE/SW/IPPD/SS, V1.1) of the Software Engineering Institute of the Carnegie Mellon University (SEI-CMMI, 2002). The two standards are being utilized to realize the used of globally accepted standards and best practices in project management and software engineering in the development of The Fitness Center Information Systems."
Tags: workstations, client, marketing, knowledge, schedules, Microsoft, SQL, server
Abstract Unlike therapy and psychological assessments at the individual level, an entirely new level of complications emerges when we deal with those same disciplines at the group level. For the practicing psychologist at the individual level, one needs only to agree to meet with the client and then proceed to do so according to the individual needs and capacity of the client. However, when one considers the group environment, wherein the psychologist collectively works with several patients who are also encouraged to work with one another, client selection in particular can be made all the more difficult. This paper compares the differences for the practicing psychologist in client selection at the individual level vs. the group level. The paper points out that all the the process is more complicated at the group level, there are also benefits to be had in the group session such as more voices and more interaction, which can be especially helpful in socialization cases or for mood improvement.
Abstract This paper analyzes several studies regarding the influence of gender on the counselor - client relationship. In particular, the studies draw attention to the importance of looking at gender in the counselor-client relationship and its impact on behavior change. In particular, the author uses the stages of changes of the transtheoretical model to explore the ability of a client to change. The theory is described at length and according to its various stages. The paper concludes with a consideration of male psychotherapy clients and their perceptions and willingness to change.
From the Paper "Research studies with respect to gender in counseling vis-a-vis the impact of a counselor's gender in a client's ability to change have been sparse and equivocal showing a need for further research in the area. Of the studies that have been done with respect to the impact of gender in counseling focused on matching counselor and client based on a number of variables such as ethnicity, gender, and language (Hall, Guterman, et al., 2002). Such studies usually focused on only one ethnic group. Some studies focused clients' preference for specific counselor characteristics. Other studies focused on predicting client expectations in counseling (Robitschek & Hershberger, 2005). There have also been studies investigating the interaction of male clients' characteristics and male counselors' gender role conflict as a basis for counselor bias (Wisch, 1997). Wisch (1997) noted a number of theoretical works that point to the significance of a counselor's gender as a potential influence on the counseling process."
