Abstract
The paper discusses client centered therapy, a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers throughout the 1940s and 50s. The paper explores how the focus of the therapy is on the client, as the therapist allows the client to discuss issues within his or her life. Through the client's own words he or she is capable of discovering answers to life issues, being supported by the therapist through questions and answer, clarification of thoughts, or restating situations. The paper further discusses how client-centered therapy is a non-directed approach in which the therapist allows the client to talk and discuss answers by themselves.

From the Paper
"Events in life can often lead the individual to doubt whether he or she has any control over the present or the future. As conditions mount at different crossroads of existence, the feeling or powerlessness begins to extend into every realm of being. This was the condition of this writer's world a few years ago after a painful divorce and the death of my father. It was at that time, therefore, that counseling seemed the only method of recovery. The initial point of attending therapy was to be capable of handling that moment in time. What was discovered, however, was that I had not lost the power to control my world; I had only briefly lost my way."

Tags:client, centered, therapy

Abstract
The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, ?Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during client centered (Rogerian) therapy??. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers?s work and into ?projective testing? itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers?s Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client
Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a "first response" to each word. Following Galton's work, Carl Jung - a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud - utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were "constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue" (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a "delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word" can indicate the existence of a complex."

Tags:Alfred, Binet, Galton, Inkblot, test

Abstract
This paper discusses Carl Rogers' non-directive approach to therapy, in which the client has control of the direction of the therapy session. The paper examines the roots of humanistic therapy in Carl Rogers' approach and then examines humanistic therapy as it pertains to Rogers' approach. Next, the paper discusses the conditions necessary for positive therapeutic results in client-centered therapy, as propounded by Rogers.

From the Paper
"Rogers puts forward some conditions that are necessary for there to be positive therapeutic results in client-centered therapy. These include, the counselor should operate from the premise that the client has a responsibility for himself or herself and also has the willingness for maintaining that responsibility; the client desires to be mature and socially well adjusted and will rely on this to achieve therapeutic change. The counselor should also create a climate where the client feels free to express their feelings and attitudes regardless of their absurdity. Limits can only be set on behavior and not on attitudes, which is a child perhaps may feel like breaking a window but he should not be allowed to actually break the window. The counselor's acceptance of the client's attitudes should involve neither disapproval nor approval of the client's attitudes and feelings. This understanding is conveyed best by seeking clarification where necessary. Finally, the counselor should refrain from actions like probing, giving advice, providing reassurance, apportioning blame and giving suggestions (Ryan, 2008; Green, 2000)."

Tags:non-directive therapy, psychotherapy, carl rogers, humanistic psychology, counseling

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Carl Roger's client-centered theory. According to the paper, the most important characteristic a therapist can hold is one of empathy. The paper further discusses how Roger's approach is based on humanist theories in which the human must be considered first and foremost as a human and not as a scientific machine.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Examples
Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"This practice of treating each person as an individual means that the therapist must respond to each and every individual based on the client's needs (Pollack, 1993). This does not mean, however, that each client should be treated different. In each case of therapy, self actualization is the goal, and there are different methods and different levels necessary to achieve this (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). But there are three key factors which the therapist should use to and they are: "congruency (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). Already discussed, congruency is important because a client will notice if a therapist is not genuine. Positive regard is the notion that the client shall not be judged by the therapist, as humans are positive, and thus the therapist should be unconditional in the positive regard of the client. Lastly, the therapist must try to understand the emotions of the client, and help to bring forth the reasons those emotions exist. In the end, this means according to Rogers that the client is moved "forward in a constructive direction without intervening and assuming therapeutic expertise" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). In other words, the therapist should reflect and maintain a positive attitude, and let the client move towards self actualization. The therapist is responsible to treat each person as an individual within these guidelines in order to help the client."

Tags:development, goal, therapy, treatment, maturity, therapist, function, growth

Abstract
This paper explains that, from the standpoint of the author who is an asthmatic, the very first nursing action when dealing with someone suffering from an asthma attack should involve empathy for the patient. The author points out that the nurse's goals for asthma management are the prevention or reduction of attacks, patient education, maintaining normal activity levels for the patient and improving quality of life. The paper relates that, because asthma is a chronic illness, self-care, in which the patient decides the degree and quality of participation in her care, is a very important element in asthma management. The author states that nurses tend to error by seeing the individual as a passive patient and by agreeing only to the idea of self-management if it is a matter of collaboration with the nurse. The paper stresses that the most effective form of self-management is self-agency, which often includes activities with which nurses do not agree such as adjusting drug dosage.

From the Paper
"Wilson and Kendall (2006) found from their own study that nurses felt very uncomfortable with the idea of clients as experts for their own lives. The general interpretation by nurses of this concept was that patients think they know better than the nurse. Even though nurses no longer view themselves as expert, many of them feel that patients with asthma are too influenced by the information they receive from the Internet (Wilson & Kendall, 2006). It was mentioned to me that I thought I knew it all. Many nurses are also fearful that if they agree to let the patient be expert, then they will be accountable for the patient's actions and will be liable to lawsuits."

Tags:choices, self-agency, information, respect, conflict

Abstract
This paper takes a look at Reality therapy and client-centered therapy, comparing and contrasting the approach that each therapy takes to counseling. The paper discusses humanistic theories and self-actualization, as well as the theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The paper also talks about the fundamental task of all therapists.

From the Paper
"Humanistic theories and related therapies including client-centered or person-centered therapy regard people as unique, self-determined and worthy of respect and see human development as guided by a variety of human needs. Key humanistic theorists include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both of whom take a holistic view of human growth that attempts to account for all of the diverse aspects of human experience. Humanistic theories propose that individuals pursue self-actualization and the acquisition of unconditional positive regard..."

Tags:Reality Threay, William Glasser, Carl ROgers, client-centered therapy

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the clinician/client relationship, created through the use of psychotherapy, is highly important when it comes to bringing about a radical transformation within the client. The writer points out that with reflective listening, the client is made to understand his/her problems from the bottom up and thus be convinced that the clinician truly cares about his or her mental predicament. In addition, the writer shows that reflective listening also creates a kind of symbiotic balance in which both client and clinician exist and function as one entity. With motivational interviewing, the process is relatively identical except for the direct focus upon creating motivation for positive change within the client. Thus, the writer demonstrates that psychotherapy, especially when based on the client-centered techniques of reflective listening and motivational interviewing, can bring about dramatic change in a person and result in a much better lifestyle for the client, yet only when the clinician is highly-skilled in the art of human relationships.

Outline:
General Definition
Psychotherapy--The Clinician Viewpoint
The Client Viewpoint
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
Reflective Listening
Motivational Interviewing
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"For the clinician, whether a psychotherapist or a psychiatrist, there are three main goals to be accomplished during a session or a series of sessions with a client. First, the clinician must do everything within his/her ability to alleviate psychological pain which often comes in the form of distressing feelings or emotions, such as anxiety or depression, or in the form of symptoms like phobia, obsessions, compulsions, inhibitions, panic attacks, psychologically-based physical problems, sexual problems and types of mental derangement which prevent the clinician from accomplishing any or all of these traits. Also, the clinician must be able to set the client at ease, either through emotional comfort or by creating a new sense of happiness in the areas which are disturbing to the client."

Tags:disorders, techniques, behavioral, therapy

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to review some of the literature dealing with client-centered therapy. Client-centered counseling and therapy was a radical departure from the field of therapy. It began in December 1940 when Carl R. Rogers, its leading exponent, presented a paper on the attitude and orientation of the counselor at the University of Minnesota. The paper later became a chapter in Rogers' controversial book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942). Basically Rogers proposed that therapy be nondirective rather than the current practice of directive techniques.

Counseling and Psychotherapy, unlike other writings, was almost entirely theory-free and empirical in tone. Controversy ensuing from the publication of Rogers' book has not yet subsided. The development of theory and research in all areas ... "

Tags:PSYCHOLOGY: THERAPIES, PSYCHOLOGY: ROGERS

Abstract
This paper explains that Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy emphasizes the attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship as the prime determinants of the outcome of the therapeutic process. The author relates the concepts of Rogers and the advantage of the global presence of his therapy. The paper points out the goals, the role of the therapist and the equality relationship between the client and the therapist. The author feels that the empathetic understanding aspect of person-centered therapy would fall inline with what the Bible teaches.

From the Paper
"The actualizing tendency is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, self-determination, and perfection. This growth force within us provides an internal source of healing, but it does not imply a movement away from relationships, interdependence, connection, or socialization. This positive view of human nature has significant implications for the practice of therapy. Because of the belief that the individual has an inherent capacity to move away from maladjustment and toward psychological health, the therapist places the primary responsibility on the client."

Tags:client-therapist equality self-actualization, reflective style, integration

Abstract
The paper outlines the main principles of the person-centered theory and the cognitive behavioral theory. The paper focuses on the concepts of the person-centered theory and discusses the microskills and techniques that students would expect to be effective with this theory.


Outline:
Objective
Person-Centered Theory
Cognitive Behavioral Theory
Microskills and Effective Techniques

From the Paper
"This theory was developed by Carl Rogers, an American psychologist who practiced in the 1930s and is a type of therapy that has as its goal the fostering of the client in cohesion of the idealized and actual self of the client. This therapy also has the goal of the client gaining a better understanding of 'self' as well as lowering the client's levels of "defensiveness, guilt, and insecurity" (Person-Centered Therapy, nd) Other goals in this therapy include the client gaining a more positive outlook in relationships and as well focuses on the client gaining an increase in the capacity to "experience and express feelings at the moment" (Person-Centered Therapy, nd) in which the feelings actually occur."

Tags:client, therapist, self-actualization, communication, feelings