Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the eventual creation of the Church of England by King Henry VIII. It discusses how, although problems with the Catholic Church did exist, on the whole society believed in its central teachings, participated in its operations and invested heavily, both emotionally and financially, in its future right up to and beyond the Parliament of 1529.

From the Paper
"Much of the reason why members of Parliament, who as lawyers and merchants had particular grievances with the Cardinal, allowed proceedings within the House to escalate - to the point that the Church itself was placed under the spotlight - might be sought in the satisfaction they drew from puncturing the taboo that the Church was beyond reproach. More plausibly, however, Parliament's eagerness to ridicule Wolsey stemmed from circumstances during the previous summer of 1528 when a severe outbreak of sweating illness broke out in London, claiming heavy casualties. A by-product of this epidemic was how it inadvertently contributed to shoring up the coffers of priests rather than doctors, since it led to the payment of more mortuary and probate fees. Such bitter experiences may have conceivably lingered in the mind of parliamentarians as a reason why debates were allowed to reach such venomous proportions. "

Tags:Wolsey, Henry, VIII, protestant, catholic

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to analyze the political and literary attitude of Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) and to discuss his anti-clericalism. We will argue that Chaucer was a satirist of all aspects of society, including the church.

Chaucer's name, like so much of his language, was of French origin. It meant shoemaker, and probably was pronounced "shosayr." He was the son of John Chaucer, a London vintner. He won a good education from both books and life. His poetry abounds in knowledge of men and women, literature and history. In 1357 "Geoffrey Chaucer" was officially listed in the service of the household of the future Duke of Clarence. Two years later he was off to the wars in France. He was captured, but was freed for a ransom, to which Edward III contributed. It was a pleasant custom of those days, which admired poetry and ... "

Abstract
This paper identifies strategies for keeping a clerical assistant motivated when faced with a huge task for which her base pay cannot be elevated.

From the Paper
"A clerical assistant that is about to be inundated with extra work is one whose motivation may be sorely tested, yet that motivation is necessary to keep the work going. There are several ways that I as a manager can motivate my overworked and underpaid clerical assistant without raising her salary. Both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are important but intrinsic rewards are often more meaningful if carefully thought out and they also cost little or nothing. One important factor in her motivation..."

Tags:clerical assistant, motivation, breaks, fun, feedback

Abstract
The paper points out that within the context of Western-Islamic relations, most Shi'a Muslims are concentrated in Iran and Iraq and so it is crucial that the West understands the differences between Shi'a and Sunni Muslims. The paper discusses the role and importance of the cleric system, ulema, within Shi'a Islam and how it differs from the cleric system among Sunnis. Finally, the writer highlights some of the modern effects of the Ulema in Shi'a society. The paper concludes that these religious teachers and advisers hold tremendous sway over the development of Shi'a communities and nations all over the world.

Outline:
Introduction: The Historical Context of Shi'a Islam
The Clergy, Ulema, System in Shi'a Islam
Differences with Other Types of Muslims, Specifically Sunni Muslims
Modern Relevance of the Shi'a Ulema: Iran and Iraq
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Shi'a Islam represents the only major schism in modern Islam. The differences between it and the dominant Sunni Muslim tradition date back to the foundation of the religion, shortly after the death of the Prophet Mohammed (Hooker par. 1). I will discuss these differences in greater depth in a subsequent section. However, it is important to recognize that this distinction exists, because it helps us to not think of Islam as a monolithic religion. The fact is that Shi'a Muslims do not recognize the religious authority of Sunni caliphs (Hooker par. 7). This religious distinction makes Shi'a Muslims categorically different from Sunni Muslims. If the West deals with any nation or group of people who are Shiite, it would be important to understand the differences that exist between them and Sunni Muslims. In Iran, for example, where Shi'a Islam became the official religion in 1500 when the Safauid Dynasty took power, it is crucial that Westerners recognize the difference between Shi'a and Sunni Muslims (Thornton par. 6)."

Tags:Sunni, Shiite, Muslim, Middle, East, ulema

Abstract
The paper explores how a minority of the current generation of British Muslims, mainly children and grandchildren of Muslim Asian immigrants to Britain after World War II, turned to Islamic extremism. The paper discusses how Britain has become a breeding ground for Islamic terrorism and identifies the powerful influence of the fundamentalist cleric Abu Hamza al-Masri and his contemporaries on these young Muslims. The paper shows how Abu Hamza poisoned young minds and took advantage of young people who were often homeless and aimless. The paper makes it clear that Abu Hamza and his associates are by all accounts the extreme end of the spectrum of Muslim society.

Outline:
Introduction
The Spread of Islam Across Europe
The Influence of Hazma
Accommodation of Islam in Europe
Islamic Extremism in Europe Hearing
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Humayun Ansari writes in the work entitled: "The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain Since 1800" that "since the Second World War Muslims have migrated to Britain in much larger number than before 1945..." (2004) The post-1945 migration is divided into two groups according to Ansari with the first phase being workers from less-developed countries and the second phase starting with the oil crisis of 1974-74. The Muslim workers were willing to take jobs that other immigrant workers found to be "undesirable" and that paid very low wages."

Tags:jihad, terrorism

Abstract
This paper explains that George Herbert expresses in his poem "The Collar" that the chains, which bind him, are self-evident with the collar he must wear and that he must come to the self-realization that he must change his thoughts or deny God. The author points out that the poem as a whole is about the cleric talking to himself and should not be perceived as a prayer. The paper relates that, as the poem progresses, the images of "collars and cages" and "rope and cable" appear, which, for the most part, are not harmful but hinder him in some respects.

From the Paper
"The person of whom Herbert is writing wants to be free from his human condition and of the duties that the collar represents. Back in Herbert's day, "The Collar" was representative of a condition that represented himself, something on the line of being entrapped or of being hemmed in and he is speaking abstractly of himself where he wants to break loose. Therefore he says, "I struck the board, and cried, No more" showing his frustration over the matter. (1). This is a very dramatic, arrogant and overstated act."

Tags:self-realization, denial, cage, rope, hinder

Abstract
In this paper, the author discusses from a first-person perspective a self-assessment of his company. Several objectives are listed for this project, which include reading the company's annual report and human resources manual. Also suggested are various methods for measuring employee satisfaction and job performance. Some data is evaluated in the paper, and the author makes recommendations for improvement, especially with hiring and retaining clerical staff. The author suggests in his conclusion that the company implement the "360-degree Feedback performance appraisal system" to help with issues dealing with the clerical staff.

From the Paper
"One area in which I found a lack of motivation was the miscommunication between management and clerical workforce. Management would go out of town without telling anyone. The clerical staff is expected to answer phones and does not know where anybody is. Due to this, I saw a lack of trust on the clerical work force's part. That needs correcting. A lack of communication and trust are the top two motivational breakers. I would suggest management communicate better with the clerical workforce"

Tags:clerical staff, evaluation, staff retention, 360-degree Feedback performance appraisal

Abstract
In this article, the writer refers to papers that help to explain gender segregation in the Canadian workplace in the 20th century and subsequent developments including the Canadian Labor Movement's gradual attention to women and developments seeing women more often in unionized environments that lessened gender divisions. The writer notes that all of the articles are helpful to an understanding of topics broader than matters of labor and women for they allow glimpses of a Canadian society and culture quite transformed. The writer maintains that each paper should probably be read with consideration of all that the Canadian state did not provide to generic citizens or workers, imagining the orientations of workers, and employers, to what was acceptable or desirable, and possible, in a post-colonial economy of much alteration between the turn of the 20th century and the turn of the 21st century.

Outline:
Introduction
Graham S. Low on Clerical Work, 1901-1931
Craig Heron, Changes to 1945 and Beyond
Into the Present - a Reflection

From the Paper
"Women were associated with family roles, first and foremost and as was true for another generation, those able to pursue professions usually did not marry. The under-reported women doctors graduated by several Ontario universities after the 1880s, for instance, chose their vocations ahead of family life, a convention then respected. Low's clerical workers of the business sector did not expect or particularly want advancement, but learnable jobs providing income and some security so as to maintain their household roles, too."
"By the end of World War I, women attended business colleges where they learned stenography. Low's article is of a kind focused on women's labour in relation to capitalism, of course, so unless a reader is curious, there can be no wider awareness of women who were performing differently in the public sphere, not the least of which were more than 4,000 Canadian military nurses serving on the Western Front and in the Middle East through the course of World War II. Of course, Low's point is to indicate how women became expected as office workers of particular kind, low paid and without advancement. Their situations were common but by no means general from 1901 to 1931."

Tags:workers, clerical, instability, pay

Abstract
This paper presents a brief biography of George Eliot. It examines the social climate at the time and the reason the woman Mary Ann Evans felt she had to choose a man's nom de plume. This paper analyzes a few of her works, in brief : "Scenes of Clerical Life;" "Silas Marner;" "Adam Bede" and "The Mill on the Floss."

From the Paper
"Mary Ann Evans was born in Warwickshire and was the daughter of an estate agent or manager. Her education was a conventional one that was dominated by Christian teachings and touched by the enthusiasm generated by the Evangelical movement of church reform. While in her 20's she came associated with friends who were freethinkers. During this time Mary Ann underwent a radical transformation of her beliefs. The German school of biblical scholarship known as Higher Criticism influenced Evans. This thought attempted to treat sacred writings as human and historical documents and she devoted herself to translating its findings for the English public. She published her translation of Strauss' Life of Jesus in 1846 and her translation of Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach's Essence of Christianity in 1854 (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 1998)."

Tags:scenes, clerical, life, silas, merner, adam, bede, mill, floss

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of patient identification in hospital which seems as inoculate as the solution. Patient identification is based on the assumption that whatever information the patient or family accompanying the patient is correct and true. On the other hand, another assumption held is that hospital record-keeping is accurate and infallible. The paper further discusses how falsified information provided by patient or family to conceal his/her identity may just be as widespread as clerical errors. With the computerization of medical records, errors may be minimized and with the relative ease of cross-validating identity utilizing electronic databases (should the need arise, but otherwise a breach of patient confidentiality), falsified data can be detected. However, the factor of human clerical error is still a significant possibility. This becomes a serious matter when medical and surgical interventions come into play.

Tags:patient, identification, riskmanagement