From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to analyze the political and literary attitude of Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) and to discuss his anti-clericalism. We will argue that Chaucer was a satirist of all aspects of society, including the church.
Chaucer's name, like so much of his language, was of French origin. It meant shoemaker, and probably was pronounced "shosayr." He was the son of John Chaucer, a London vintner. He won a good education from both books and life. His poetry abounds in knowledge of men and women, literature and history. In 1357 "Geoffrey Chaucer" was officially listed in the service of the household of the future Duke of Clarence. Two years later he was off to the wars in France. He was captured, but was freed for a ransom, to which Edward III contributed. It was a pleasant custom of those days, which admired poetry and ... "
Abstract This paper presents a brief biography of George Eliot. It examines the social climate at the time and the reason the woman Mary Ann Evans felt she had to choose a man's nom de plume. This paper analyzes a few of her works, in brief : "Scenes of Clerical Life"; "Silas Marner"; "Adam Bede" and "The Mill on the Floss".
From the Paper "Mary Ann Evans was born in Warwickshire and was the daughter of an estate agent or manager. Her education was a conventional one that was dominated by Christian teachings and touched by the enthusiasm generated by the Evangelical movement of church reform. While in her 20's she came associated with friends who were freethinkers. During this time Mary Ann underwent a radical transformation of her beliefs. The German school of biblical scholarship known as Higher Criticism influenced Evans. This thought attempted to treat sacred writings as human and historical documents and she devoted herself to translating its findings for the English public. She published her translation of Strauss's Life of Jesus in 1846 and her translation of Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach's Essence of Christianity in 1854 (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 1998)."
Abstract In this article, the writer refers to papers that help to explain gender segregation in the Canadian workplace in the 20th century and subsequent developments including the Canadian Labor Movement's gradual attention to women and developments seeing women more often in unionized environments that lessened gender divisions. The writer notes that all of the articles are helpful to an understanding of topics broader than matters of labor and women for they allow glimpses of a Canadian society and culture quite transformed. The writer maintains that each paper should probably be read with consideration of all that the Canadian state did not provide to generic citizens or workers, imagining the orientations of workers, and employers, to what was acceptable or desirable, and possible, in a post-colonial economy of much alteration between the turn of the 20th century and the turn of the 21st century.
Outline:
Introduction
Graham S. Low on Clerical Work, 1901-1931
Craig Heron, Changes to 1945 and Beyond
Into the Present - a Reflection
From the Paper "Women were associated with family roles, first and foremost and as was true for another generation, those able to pursue professions usually did not marry. The under-reported women doctors graduated by several Ontario universities after the 1880s, for instance, chose their vocations ahead of family life, a convention then respected. Low's clerical workers of the business sector did not expect or particularly want advancement, but learnable jobs providing income and some security so as to maintain their household roles, too."
"By the end of World War I, women attended business colleges where they learned stenography. Low's article is of a kind focused on women's labour in relation to capitalism, of course, so unless a reader is curious, there can be no wider awareness of women who were performing differently in the public sphere, not the least of which were more than 4,000 Canadian military nurses serving on the Western Front and in the Middle East through the course of World War II. Of course, Low's point is to indicate how women became expected as office workers of particular kind, low paid and without advancement. Their situations were common but by no means general from 1901 to 1931."
Abstract This paper examines the reasons behind the eventual creation of the Church of England by King Henry VIII. It discusses how, although problems with the Catholic Church did exist, on the whole society believed in its central teachings, participated in its operations and invested heavily, both emotionally and financially, in its future right up to and beyond the Parliament of 1529.
From the Paper "Much of the reason why members of Parliament, who as lawyers and merchants had particular grievances with the Cardinal, allowed proceedings within the House to escalate - to the point that the Church itself was placed under the spotlight - might be sought in the satisfaction they drew from puncturing the taboo that the Church was beyond reproach. More plausibly, however, Parliament's eagerness to ridicule Wolsey stemmed from circumstances during the previous summer of 1528 when a severe outbreak of sweating illness broke out in London, claiming heavy casualties. A by-product of this epidemic was how it inadvertently contributed to shoring up the coffers of priests rather than doctors, since it led to the payment of more mortuary and probate fees. Such bitter experiences may have conceivably lingered in the mind of parliamentarians as a reason why debates were allowed to reach such venomous proportions. "
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of patient identification in hospital which seems as inoculate as the solution. Patient identification is based on the assumption that whatever information the patient or family accompanying the patient is correct and true. On the other hand, another assumption held is that hospital record-keeping is accurate and infallible. The paper further discusses how falsified information provided by patient or family to conceal his/her identity may just be as widespread as clerical errors. With the computerization of medical records, errors may be minimized and with the relative ease of cross-validating identity utilizing electronic databases (should the need arise, but otherwise a breach of patient confidentiality), falsified data can be detected. However, the factor of human clerical error is still a significant possibility. This becomes a serious matter when medical and surgical interventions come into play.
Abstract The paper points out that within the context of Western-Islamic relations, most Shi'a Muslims are concentrated in Iran and Iraq and so it is crucial that the West understands the differences between Shi'a and Sunni Muslims. The paper discusses the role and importance of the cleric system, ulema, within Shi'a Islam and how it differs from the cleric system among Sunnis. Finally, the writer highlights some of the modern effects of the Ulema in Shi'a society. The paper concludes that these religious teachers and advisers hold tremendous sway over the development of Shi'a communities and nations all over the world.
Outline:
Introduction: The Historical Context of Shi'a Islam
The Clergy, Ulema, System in Shi'a Islam
Differences with Other Types of Muslims, Specifically Sunni Muslims
Modern Relevance of the Shi'a Ulema: Iran and Iraq
Conclusion
From the Paper "Shi'a Islam represents the only major schism in modern Islam. The differences between it and the dominant Sunni Muslim tradition date back to the foundation of the religion, shortly after the death of the Prophet Mohammed (Hooker par. 1). I will discuss these differences in greater depth in a subsequent section. However, it is important to recognize that this distinction exists, because it helps us to not think of Islam as a monolithic religion. The fact is that Shi'a Muslims do not recognize the religious authority of Sunni caliphs (Hooker par. 7). This religious distinction makes Shi'a Muslims categorically different from Sunni Muslims. If the West deals with any nation or group of people who are Shiite, it would be important to understand the differences that exist between them and Sunni Muslims. In Iran, for example, where Shi'a Islam became the official religion in 1500 when the Safauid Dynasty took power, it is crucial that Westerners recognize the difference between Shi'a and Sunni Muslims (Thornton par. 6)."
Abstract This paper explains that, while the Metropolitan General Insurance Co. is committed to a "decentralized operating structure" in its branches, this organizational structure is not replicated in its Oshawa branch, which contributes to its under-performance. The author points out that the problem of duplication is evident on the organizational chart of the Oshawa branch, where each of the product lines has its own clerical staff in addition to the management and administration staff that also has its own clerical staff. The paper stresses that a boundary-less organization model, instead of the present inflexible, mechanistic organization, is more suited to the decentralized environment dependent upon independent agents and brokers.
From the Paper "It may be argued that the organizational design that would be most successful in this environment is one that mirror Metropolitan's decentralized model on a local scale. One of the common themes of the cited branch senior staff meeting is blaming the brokers and the assertion that supporting them is "not my job". This is most evident in Tompkins complaints that the brokers requests are preventing her from being able to "move some paper" and Hood's complaint that he does not want the added work of determining who should be doing what tasks."
Abstract In this article, the writer first looks at the immediate circumstances in which Henry VIII first conceived the idea of divorce from Catherine. The paper then points out that there were also other surrounding factors that must be taken into consideration when considering whether Henry VIII's break with Rome really was driven by Henry's sole desire for divorce. The paper points out that some scholars say the role of Cardinal Wolsey, the king's advisor, was crucial in so far as he supposedly suggested the plan to the King himself; some point to the influence of Anne Boleyn and Catherine of Aragon on his decisions; still others believe that the broader force of anti-clericalism ultimately played an important part since it helped transform a mere issue of divorce into one of a conflict between Church and State. The paper concludes that despite all these important factors, the chief factor for the break with Rome can be found with Henry himself and in his undoubted passion for Anne whose role in shoring up Henry's affection towards her and determination for the cause was far from unimportant in a desire that resulted in England rejecting the authority of the papacy.
Outline:
Introduction
The Strength of Henry's Desire
The Influence of Anne Boleyn
The Place of Anti-clericalism Conclusions
From the Paper "More fundamentally, it is questionable whether the Cardinal himself really did have intentions to become Pope. When Wolsey did obtain a position as a Cardinal in Rome, he frequently absented himself away from the place, even declining recommendations that he should go for his own benefit. Following accusations that his titular Church of St Cicilia was involved with embezzlement, he hardly exuded an air of concern about this as reflecting badly on his character and hence his potential candidacy. Nor did he make any serious attempt at cultivating a network of people on whom he could rely when it came to electing a Pope. Realistically, there was only one influential supporter, Campeggio, an acquaintance merely by virtue of him being a legate in England. Otherwise, Wolsey half-heartedly looked to minor figures that could not be expected to hold real clout. Even Silvestro Gigli, a diplomat, was treated rather indifferently in the role of go-between with Rome, so that Gigli was frequently moved to complain that Wolsey was not keeping him, and thus Rome, informed about developments in England."
Tags: Anne, Boleyn, Catherine, of, Aragon, marriage
Abstract The proposed study describes the actual number of priests who have committed sexual crimes, reconsiders the Catholic Church's mandatory celibacy policy for priests, proves that clergy members who vow celibacy are no more likely than those who do not vow celibacy to commit acts of sexual deviation and evaluates if the Church's clerical celibacy requirement, causes sexual deviance. The meta-research analyzes the results of various surveys, sexual program evaluations, case studies, research papers and historical sources to present a thorough argument for and against the connection between sexual deviances and celibacy.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Findings
Goals
Specific Aims
Methodology
Research Chronology
Significance
Conclusion
Facilities Available
From the Paper "Celibacy has been a part of the Catholic Church since the fourth century. The Church remains loyal to this policy today, holding that celibacy allows priests to be more independent and available. Celibacy is also based on the idea that priests should live out the same witness as their brothers in monastic life. However, recent scandals involving priests and sexual misconduct have put pressure on the Church to reconsider its policy of mandatory celibacy. Every time a new sexual deviance case is brought against a clergyman, the issue of celibacy rears its head. Many people believe that if priests were allowed to marry, there would be less of a problem with deviant behavior."
Abstract This paper demonstrates how general consensus derived from a literature review indicates that the role of the assistant principals should move beyond its traditional clerical and disciplinary heritage to evolve to instructional leaders that deal with curriculum development, teacher and instructional effectiveness, clinical supervision, staff development and teacher evaluation. It uncovers research that tries to reconcile why the role change that practically everyone seems to want to happen hasn?t been that quick to occur. It looks at how as these reasons are better identified and understood, perhaps the twenty first century will see a positive transformation in the role of the assistant principal.
Outline
Introduction
Need for Study
Study Purpose
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Roles and Responsibilities of Assistant Principals
Historical Perspective of Assistant Principal Roles
Prior and Current Research Studies of Assistant Principal Roles
Assistant Principals and Use of Instructional Leadership
Conclusion
From the Paper "Many management experts and educators consider instructional leadership by assistant principals as necessary to achieve school reform, improve the job satisfaction of assistance principals, and to equip them with the skills necessary to advance to the principal level. However, literature review and historical case studies show that the assistant principal's role transition has been slow and insignificant. This study will provide current data specific to a geographic region to assess how well assistant principals are really doing in executing instructional leadership."
Abstract Counseling has been one part of the ministry of pastoral care within Christianity since new testament times and within Judaism for longer. More recently in America and then in Europe it has become explicitly recognized in the movement for pastoral care and counseling and in the specific work of specialist pastoral counselors and psychotherapists. The American Association of Pastoral Counselors fosters the work of individual therapists and of counseling services and agencies throughout North America. In Britain, the Westminster Pastoral Foundation and its affiliate centers are most representative of specialist pastoral counseling. Furthermore, the theories of the human and social sciences and the techniques of counseling have spread widely amongst pastors of all persuasions, clerical and lay. The pastoral care and counseling associations in many countries, including African and Asian states, endeavor to relate the insights of relevant secular disciplines to those of theology in the Judeo-Christian tradition. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the relationship between pastoral counseling and care for at-risk adolescents
Abstract This is an in-depth study intended to give some insights into changing HR styles and their preference of tools and methods. It looks at the variables affecting the present-day organizations and the models that the modern HR departments prefer in effort to help organizations use their human resource assets more effectively. The paper focuses on the idea that the HR department is becoming more than just an administrative department, which, in turn, means that the HR department must develop the human side of the business along with the goals and the objectives of the organization.
Outline
History of Human Resource Understanding and Management
Compensation and Rewards Utilization
HR and Management styles
Organizational Culture, Change and HR Effectiveness
Understanding Organizational Structure and HR impact
Training and Upgrading the Skills of the Employees
Change Management and the Role of the HR department
Mergers and Acquisitions
HR Department and Conflict Management
Information Technology and Changing Technology
Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management by the HR
Teleworking and the HR Department
HR Department and Outsourcing
Leadership and the HR Department
From the Paper "Organizations are changing. All departments within an organization have to change to keep pace with the change. The Human Resource Department's functions have changed; HR takes on more duties and responsibilities than in the past. The HR department is becoming a strategic partner for the organization as it is a purveyor of the most important asset a company controls?the human asset."
Abstract Organizations are changing. Previously, human resources (HR) did not rise above the position of an administration and clerical department. The HR department's functions have changed; HR takes on more duties and responsibilities than in the past. This paper shows that the HR department is becoming a strategic partner for the organization, as it is a purveyor of the most important asset a company controls, the human asset. More than any other resources, humans ultimately come to represent the new competitive edge for a corporation. The paper examines the role of the HR manager, his/her changing role in America's work force, and expected roles in the future.
Paper Outline
The Human Resource Planning Model for the US
The Organizational Socialization Process
Challenges that Human Resource Departments Will Face in the Future
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Sensitivity to issues of gender, race, culture and religion are becoming increasingly important to organization. The ability of an organization to accept new ideas and change or modify the existing attitudes of the company helps the organization grow. This was especially noticeable when the disabled and disadvantaged workers entered the workplace in increasing numbers. Many organizations in today's market place encourage individuals to have their own style and attitudes as long as they are within the main acceptable codes for the overall company. The HR departments of many organizations have, over the years, used many of these "soft" measures to improve the organization as a whole. An individual's traits also play an important role in the encounter stage."
Abstract This paper compares the heroes, heroines, and villains of "1984" and "Equilibrium". It explains that "Equilibrium" is a modern action movie with strong allusions to George Orwell's "1984". Both the movie and the book have similar main characters, ranging from the hero and his girl to the villain.
From the Paper "Equilibrium features a futuristic society in which emotion is suppressed by the regular taking of drugs by the citizenry. The main character is a Tetragrammaton cleric named John Preston who enforces the elimination of emotion. He is trained to eliminate anything that can cause extreme emotion and to do it so thoroughly that one would never know it existed. This is commonly artwork and literature of great significance. At one point Preston realizes what exactly he is doing and how it will affect the future. He then tries to secretly conceal these emotions while still continuing to work. As this fails to work, he seeks out a secret brotherhood of resistance fighters to challenge the government. 1984's Winston Smith is remarkably similar in many respects. He also lives in a world where emotion is suppressed. ?To the degree that the totalitarian state approaches its "ideal" condition, it destroys the margin for unforeseen behavior? (Howe 197). The government bottles up the people's unpredictable instincts and emotions to fuel other emotions such as fear, hatred, and lunatic credulity (Orwell 111). Winston is a member of the Party and thus works for the government. Just like Preston, he eliminates remnants of the past. ?The largest section of the Records Department, far larger than the one in which Winston worked, consisted of persons whose duty it [is] to track down and collect all copies of books, newspapers, and other documents which had been superseded and were due for destruction (37)."
Abstract This paper explains that job preview is one of the ways to introduce a candidate to the company and areas of operation within the company. It is an effective way of reducing worker turnover. The author stresses that, at every stage of the interviewing and selection process, the employer should explain the expectations of the organization and the internal culture to ensure that misconceptions do not arise and are not the cause for leaving the company. The paper stresses that HR departments must be constantly vigilant to the changes in the needs of the job to create job previews, which include a view to the future trends of the market. For example, computerization has become a basic need for clerical positions in organizations, so job previews must stress computer knowledge for these positions.
From the Paper "Based on the requirements of the job, the previews provided might differ considerably. The mediums used for advertising the previews might also significantly differ. Organizations, specifically the HR department, have been spending a lot of time and energy in order to classify the needs and requirements of the position that is being advertised. Cognizance of the culture and working environment of the organization and the scope for growth and advancement for the job in the organization is very important. These factors become especially important for individuals seeking their second or third job. These workers have the necessary skills and are looking for an opportunity to move up in their work status and consequently, the organization's hierarchal chain. At this stage, both the employer and the candidate have to feel satisfied that their expectations can be meet and there is opportunity for a great symbiotic relationship to exist between them."
