Abstract
This paper researches, analyzes and critiques the Presidential Pardon Act instated in the Constitution and recommends future research to prevent the abuse of this act.

Abstract
This paper explains that the U.S. Supreme Court decision "Roper v. Simmons" (2005) holds that the death penalty for juveniles is "cruel and unusual" and as such, the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the US Constitution forbid the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed. The author points out that the advocates for juvenile death penalty argue that a murder committed by a 16 or 17 year old is as gruesome as that committed by an adult and that individuals exhibit different ranges of maturity thus some 17 year olds may be more "mature" than other 20 year olds. The paper states that, in opposition to the juvenile death penalty, psychologists and behavioral scientists have long known that adolescents do not yet have a brain ability to reason as adults do, are 'wired' to behave more irrationally than adults and are subjected to hormonal instability.

Table of Contents
Arguments for Juvenile Death Penalty
A Murder is a Murder
Case-to-Case Basis
Deterrence
No Consensus
Arguments against Juvenile Death Penalty
Brain Development
Raging Hormones
Adolescents are Similar to Mentally-Retarded People
Death Penalty is no Deterrent for Juvenile Offenders
No Death Penalty does not mean Complete Clemency for Offenders
Public Opinion
International Stance
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The alleged evidence quoted by anti-capital punishment advocates that death penalty is not a deterrent is inconclusive. The threat of being put to death as a result of committing murder has always proved to be a deterrent throughout human history. There is no reason to assume that such deterrence does not apply to juveniles. As an example, Christopher Simmons (of the Roper v. Simmons fame) was 17 at the time when he and a 15-year old broke into the home of the victim (Shirley Crook) in Missouri; they bound up the woman with electrical wire and pushed her into a river to die. While planning the burglary and murder, Simmons told his friends that even if he were caught, nothing would happen to him because he was a juvenile. If he had known that he would be facing the death penalty he would surely have not committed the crime."

Tags:clemency, admendments, maturity, hormones, deterrent

Abstract
This paper explains that John Milton's "Paradise Lost" retells the biblical story of Satan's departure from heaven and Adam and Eve's subsequent fall from the grace in the Garden of Eden. The paper also relates that Milton's rendition of this biblical story is innovative in its interesting observations of the relationship between Adam and Eve and in its liberal addition of visions and dreams, which seem to plague the central characters. The paper concludes that Milton's view of God is quite generous as, in this poem, God vows to show clemency to the sinners despite their transgressions.

From the Paper
"If mankind had followed God's orders, it could have lived in paradise forever. However, because of their succumbing to temptation, depravity, and deception, they now have lost grace, but will be forgiven because of God's abundant mercy.
"This unique vision is God's unfortunate realization that human beings were innately flawed. He says himself that because of their free will and ability to think for themselves, they are able to stray from God's perfect plans. This logic makes sense however, since God is the only infallible being."

Tags:dreams, books, predestination, messiah, satan

Abstract
This paper describes the goals and methods of reconstruction of the southern states after the American Civil War. It states that reconstruction tried to achieve a certain degree of racial egalitarianism of the blacks with two vital amendments to the constitution: The 14th and 15th amendments. The paper describes the counter productivity with the government's clemency towards the southern states, which introduced black codes to suppress the African-American population. The author states that reconstruction achieved much regardless of its obvious weaknesses: schools were built to educate blacks and the poor whites, roads were constructed and the shield given to life and property were certainly key achievements of the government.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Reconstruction and its Weaknesses
Attitude of white Southerners
Compromise of 1877
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Even after the liberation declaration proclamation, two more years of war, service by African American troops, and the overwhelm of the confederacy, the nation was still unprepared to deal with the question of full citizenship for its newly at liberty black population. The reconstruction implemented by Congress, which lasted from 1866 to 1877, was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for at restructure the southern states. After the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting them into the union, and defining the means by which whites and blacks could live jointly in a no slave society. The South, however, saw reconstruction as a humiliating, even unforgiving burden and did not welcome it."

Tags:1866, 1877

Abstract
This essay discusses the people and organizations that were instrumental in the revolt, including Robert Owens, A. Phillip Randolph, Annie Clemenc, and the National Child Labor Committee. The paper investigates the ways in which they used elements of the revolution to their advantage.

From the Paper
"America benefited from many advantages that made it the perfect environment for the Industrial Revolution. The country, with a small population was ideal for utilization and development. It was easy for the American government to purchase or seize large amounts of land throughout North America from Native Americans, European nations, and Mexico. ("Industrial Revolution") America's advantage was also dependent upon the fact that the American population was extremely literate, and economic growth was desirable to the Americans. The American settlements were across the continent from east to west, which created an extensive internal market. In spite of the distant borders there was free movement of goods, people, capital, and ideas. ("Industrial Revolution")"

Tags:owens, randolph, clemenc, child, labor, organizations, american, capital, good, technology

Abstract
This paper explores the criticism and support major newspapers have given toward the use of the presidential pardon. The paper discusses how newspapers focus on the unilateral power of the pardon, its inconsistency with the normal checks and balances structure, the effects of the pardon, differing interpretations of the Framer's intent and potential external influences on the decision-making process involved.

From the Paper
"The unilateral nature of the pardon power gives the President certain privileges that also raise many concerns. The President may exercise executive privilege in regards to providing any information, counsel, or notes that are part of the decision making process using the exemption to the Freedom of Information Act. Newspapers have criticized this practice stating that the public should have a right to this information. Also, critics argue that many of the documents are never viewed by the President and are gathered outside the White House (Bumiller, 2002). In more recent years, President George W. Bush has been criticized for not releasing information related to President Clinton's pardon of Marc Rich. The Bush administration's decision not to release the information was attacked by the major newspapers. Critics alleged it to be an attempt to protect the institution and preserve the unilateral nature of the power to pardon and the process involved (Savage, 2002)."

Tags:clemency, Framer's, intent, crimes, unilateral-nature, Congress

Abstract
This paper studies the murder trial, guilty verdict and execution of Karla Faye Tucker, the first woman executed in Texas since the Civil War. The paper provides a historical accounting of the crime, the trial and the conviction, as well as Tucker's appeal process and ultimately her execution. Then the paper examines the impact of the case and execution on the death penalty in Texas, as well as throughout the United States.
Events Surrounding the Crime
The Trials, Convictions and Outcome
The Execution
The Significance of Tucker's Execution in Texas
The Significance of Tucker's Execution Elsewhere

From the Paper
"The case of Karla Faye Tucker is a complex one, and one that attracted considerable national attention. The 38-year old woman was executed in Texas by lethal injection on February 3, 1998. Her case attracted national publicity, not only because of general death penalty issues, and gender issues, but also because Tucker had the support of major religious figures who pled her case for mercy."

Tags:murder, drugs, execution, Texas, reform, lethal, injection, George, W., Bush, clemency, stay, woman, women