Abstract
The objective of this work is to design a secondary classroom environment. This work includes a statement of which child development theory best represents the needs of the grade level together with an explanation of why this theory is believed to be superior to other theories. The writer additionally provides clear indications that the plan takes into account the child developmental stages and variations that may exist among students of the same chronological age. The writer concludes that the classroom environment that is characterized by different learning activities as well as cooperative and inclusive learning, will provide a solid base to prepare students for entrance into the world as effective and functionally adept individuals.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Child Development Theories
Application of Theories in Classroom Environment Design
Specific Classroom Components
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The computer center will be used by students on assigned days for groups of students and will be an interactive group learning activity as well as will the activity center; small group learning center; and library-reading center. Each student will be assigned to a group that utilizes each of these centers on a rotating basis with each group being assigned to each learning center at least one day per week. The classroom-learning environment will be designed in a manner that is characteristic of cooperative and collaborative learning. Group assignments will take into consideration the ability of students and will assign students into groupings making sure to include more capable students, students with mid-levels of capability and the less capable students evenly throughout the groupings so that the more capable students are able to assist those less capable in the assigned learning tasks. The use of the various learning activities integrates Gardner's theory of 'multiple intelligences' into the learning environment that is supported by Vygotsky's theory of the 'zone of proximal development' in order to further the learning potential of students. Rules of conduct in the classroom will be of mutual respect with stated rules of classroom behavior made clear so that no misunderstanding might occur."

Tags:development, students, learners, schools

Abstract
This research design proposes to determine the most effective classroom environment for elementary-school students with learning disabilities by comparing three different classroom environments: Self-contained special education, an inclusive traditional classroom, and an inclusive constructivist classroom.

Tags:learning disabilities, mainstreaming, inclusive, research design

Abstract
This paper examines the impact of the educational environment on a child's ability to thrive in a preschool classroom. First, the paper describes how a successful preschool is designed physically to encourage learning. Then, the paper explores methods a teacher can use to improve a child's learning environment, such as new toys and art supplies. Finally, the paper analyzes the situation of Tabitha, a child who is having difficulty adjusting to her early childhood learning environment. The paper concludes with the author developing a plan to integrate and improve Tabitha's experience at preschool.

From the Paper
"Having identified two possible sources of Tabitha's actions, I will turn to the final source--the environment created by the children. Although arguments have occasionally broken out regarding the sharing of toys and the like, I note that the children generally socialize well together. However, I also note that a new student, John, has had trouble fitting in with the others. In addition, I realize that John and Tabitha have been spending time together at the art table, where just yesterday a different student criticized John's drawing. Because "school is not a positive event if the student encounters failure or is embarrassed by his/her lack of achievement" (Guetzole, n.d., p.2) I plan to speak to both John and Tabitha about the incident, making sure that they both feel confident of their work and friendship. Next, I will plan a lesson to encourage all students to review their classmates' work positively..."

Tags:early childhood development, social skills, classroom management

Abstract
This paper explains that "Understanding by Design" (UbD), developed by Grant Wiggins and Jay Mc Tighe, is an academic framework for designing curriculum units, performance assessments and instruction, which advances a deeper and better understanding among the learners by beginning with the end goals in mind. The author points out that the 'Backward Design' model, which is an outcome of the concept of "Understanding by Design", centers on the idea that the learning process should commence after having identified the desired results and then works backwards to evolve most suitable methodology instead of adopting a routine approach of learning. The paper states that the advantages of this model are that it (1) helps design instruction that promotes understanding and student engagement, (2) provides design tools and templates in addition to the design standards and (3) enables "results" orientation, which focuses on assessment first and relevant instructional activities last.

Table of Contents
Understanding by Design - The Backward Design
Stage 1. Identify Desired Results.
Stage 2. Determine What Constitutes Acceptable Evidence of Competency in the Outcomes and Results (Assessment)
Stage 3. Plan Learning Experience and Instruction.
Pros and Cons of the Model
Recommendations
The Unit or Course Design
The Teacher
The Learner
The Classroom Environment
Conclusion
Table 1. Big Idea in the Backward Design Approach

From the Paper
"The learners or the students are another important component of this design and should therefore be able to describe the goals and performance requirements of the unit or course. In addition, the learners should be able to explain what they are doing and why. It is recommended that the learners should be engaged in activities that help them to learn the big ideas and answer the essential questions. These activities should also promote explanation, interpretation, application, perspective taking, empathy, and self-assessment. The students should avail all opportunities that are provided to them to demonstrate what they are learning. The students should also be involved in self- or peer-assessment based on established criteria and performance standards."

Tags:feedback, results, focus, assessment, framework

Abstract
This paper summarizes the considerations and steps necessary to properly design a successful program for mathematics, science, and all content areas in the elementary classroom. It offers an overview of classroom arrangement to create a stimulating environment, evaluating materials for a content-based program, and offering a variety of assessments to evaluate student learning.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
Classroom Arrangement
Classroom Materials
Student Assessment
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Evertson, Emmer, and Worsham (2003) state that the logical place for a teacher to begin his or her classroom management procedures is in arranging the classroom as it occurs prior to the beginning of the school year. Reflective teachers will arrive at the school several days before their contract calls them to so that they can assess the space to plan for the best arrangement, begin to hang posters and other personal effects, and decorate bulletin boards (Eby, Herrel, & Hicks, 2002). They go on to say that the classroom appearance makes a statement to the students and others about how much the teacher cares for the environment in which the class will learn. Whether the room is tidy or neat, colorful or drab, or filled with extra items to make it livelier will set a tone."

Tags:arrangement, assessment, elementary, preparation, resources

Abstract
This paper examines the issue of technology in the classroom and whether this technology is being used appropriately or to the best of the teachers' ability. The paper begins by examining the literature related to cooperative learning and technology and how these issues affect what individuals are doing when they move into a work or business environment. It then discusses the concerns relating to these issues.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1
Introduction
Background
Statement of the Problem
Purpose
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Assumptions
Delimitations
Definitions
Summary
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3
Methodology
Research Design
Site Selection - Vista High School
Population - 18 teachers
Measurement Methods
Procedure- Survey
Ethical Considerations
Data Analysis
Summary
Appendix

From the Paper
"Why the student got the answer wrong and the specific answer that was given can tell individuals a great deal about a student. This myth is often very puzzling and upsetting to those that work in the education field because assessment techniques have traditionally looked at answers that are objectively correct (Ingram & Howard, 1998; Ashbaugh & Johnstone, 2000). The idea that there may not be a specific right or wrong answer to a question is an idea that's time has truly come, but many educators still struggle with this concept. How students view information is also important when assessing their abilities, and one study looked at this issue by looking at minor wording changes that were presented to finance students. The study found that information that was presented to students and was conditionally phrased was just as valuable when tests on knowledge were taken than information presented in a literal and traditional fashion (Bodner, Waterfield, and Langer, 1997). It is also important to note, however, that this same study (Bodner, et al., 1997) indicated that individuals in both groups were also tested in a way that required interpretive and creative use of the material that they learned and on this test the group that was given conditional information performed much better."

Tags:interaction, cooperative, learning

Abstract
This paper focuses on an appropriate facility for four-year-olds who will be entering kindergarten next year. The aim of the facility design is to create an environment that will foster learning in order to prepare students for kindergarten and create a harmonious environment that will allow them to express themselves in appropriate ways while still facilitating creativity. Each area's importance is discussed and a list of appropriate items for each area is included.

Paper Outline:

Introduction
The Indoor Facility
Art Area
Block and Vehicle Area
Computers
Dramatic Play
Library and Writing Area
Science Area
Sensory Area
Table Toys and Math Manipulatives
Meeting and Music Space
Eating Areas
Outdoor Facilities
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The block area will be one of the largest centers in the classroom. Placing it on a carpet will compensate for some of the noise and make the children more comfortable since they will be playing on the floor when building. This center will contain more than just the wooden blocks themselves, although there will be many of them provided in an assortment of different shapes with at least two of each shape present; spaces on the shelves will be provided for each shape of block so they can both be found and cleaned up easily. There will also be diverse people figures for children to add to their creations and plastic animals with plastic containers to keep them in. Including a vehicle area within the block area can provide interesting accessories for the children's creations."

Tags:childhood, early, education, facility

Abstract
Modern teachers have much to reflect on when designing their classroom plan. Our multicultural world has changed the needs of the students and thus changed what goes into classroom planning. This paper shows that all teachers must start with a new look at themselves so that they may make plans for the students and not for themselves. The paper shows that the teachers also need to make adjustments for the various types of students they will be teaching, for every student deserves a chance at success.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
The Awareness' Necessary to Teach in a Multicultural Environment
Self-Knowledge
Other Viewpoints
Discourse
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"There is so much that goes into creating a successful environment in any classroom, much less one that is multicultural. Teachers today have many things to consider for the good of their students and many obstacles to overcome because of political restraints. The best things a teacher can do to get the best environment possible is to first take a look at self-knowledge, analyzing their own identity as well as asking the students to look at who they are; making students aware of the multiple points of view to be learned; and to alter their classroom discourse style so as to allow every student to participate."

Tags:minority, assessment, paired, learning, Hispanic

Abstract
The paper discusses how accommodations and modifications are required in the area of technology used in classroom education and may be related to auditory, visual or other various individual needs of students with disabilities. The paper discusses assistive technology and describes the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework. The paper shows how the provisions of instruction as designed within the framework of UDL will assist every student in the learning initiative and provide each student the best possible opportunity for academic success.

Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Access to the General Curriculum
Defining the General Curriculum
Assistive Technology
Universal Design for Learning
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Jane Williams, Ph.D. entitled: "Adaptations & Accommodations for Students with Disabilities" states: "...for many students with disabilities - and for many without - the key to success in the classroom lies in having appropriate adaptations, accommodations and modifications made to the instruction and other classroom activities."(Williams, 2001) Williams relates that some adaptations are as simple as changing the seating for a student that is easily distracted to changing the way "that a material is presented." (Williams, 2001)"

Tags:curriculum, disabilities, Universal, Design, for, Learning

Abstract
In 1996, the United States Department of Education mandated laws that required school districts to create inclusive programs to integrate students with various disabilities into the general school population. However, a study conducted by the National Council on Disabilities in 2000 showed that most school districts have not transitioned into full mainstream classes. Instead, an estimated 20 percent of children with disabilities continue to spend their schooldays in self-contained classrooms, apart from the general school population. This paper shows that proponents of the self-contained classroom, however, believe that such settings can be advantageous, particularly for students with hearing impairments, mental retardation. and those with physical or learning disabilities. The paper examines how students in total or semi-self-contained classrooms can benefit from instruction in art, music, and physical education. It looks at the challenges of teaching such classes and how educators have adapted techniques from existing programs and created their own class material. In the conclusion, this paper makes recommendations on how educators can successfully design and implement music, art, and physical education programs that address the unique developmental needs of their students.

From the Paper
"As an example, Shapiro and Sayers discuss the case of Rachel, a seven-year-old girl whose impaired motor skills cause low cardiovascular endurance, lower muscular strength and difficulty in manipulative control skills. During her physical education programs, Rachel was taught to use assistive devises such as weigh machines to help develop her posture. An occupational therapist used various blocks and toys of different textures to help Rachel develop a better ability to grasp, reach and release things (Shapiro and Sayers)."

Tags:IDEA, recreation, specialists, chiptalk