Abstract This paper examines the urgent need for changes in the classification of personality disorders. The paper discusses the current classification model for personality set forth by DSM 4. It looks at the problems associated with this system of classification, including high level of co-morbidity and lack of theoretical or empirical rationale for selection of categories. The paper looks at proposed alternative classification systems, such as dimensional systems where extreme scores are representative of psychopathology.
From the Paper "Personality disorders are longstanding patterns of extreme, inflexible personality traits that are deviant or maladaptive and lead to impaired functioning or subjective distress. (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994). The essential feature of a personality disorder is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture."
The following paper discusses the Universal Decimal Classification system which is based on Decimal Classification which was designed for the arrangement and indexing of books on shelves, cards in catalogues and clippings.
Abstract The following paper examines the way in which the Universal Decimal Classification introduces the idea of auxiliary connections and discusses the way in which this system works by dividing the whole field of knowledge into 10 main classes. The writer discusses the success of the Universal Decimal Classification which is based on it's use of decimal notation.
From the Paper "The Universal Decimal Classification has a feature called the synthetic principle. This works by allocating a consistent notation to recurrent series of concepts that are arranged in consistent orders. For example in class 4 which is to do with philology the order of sub-classes and the notation representing them is the same for each language. For example 425 for English grammar, 435 for German grammar, etc.). The geographical location of countries is also consistent. For example British history could be 942, so German history would be 943; and 328.42 is British legislation, with German legislation being 328.43.
The synthetic principle allows for over 200 different languages to share the same in depth coverage that English usually exclusively enjoys. This principle also allows for great increases in the range of subdivision with no printing costs."
Abstract This paper examines the process of classification or division of a whole entity into numerous specific groups. It shows how dividing organizations, government, studies, written works and species of plants and animals into specific categories allows for more complete or focused attention to be applied to specifically functioning members within the given macrocosm. Special emphasis is placed on the classification of the human body into categories such as skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. Each system has a specific job, but all systems work together in order to keep the body alive and properly functioning. This paper shows how classification, separation and combined efforts of the human body has been used as the model after which societies, governments and their militia have been formed.
From the Paper "Whether focus is upon a government structure, a company, a military structure or upon the individual human body, specific compartmental functions can be singled out and identified. Although no specific function can truly be described as being greater than another function, the overall entity will not be able to operate smoothly without the specific capabilities exerted by even the seemingly smallest of its divisions. The briefest of trips to a doctor's office will reveal a cosmos within a cosmos that is so complex, various medical specialties have come about in order to treat the individual categories more completely."
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of classification in the psychiatric field. It begins by providing a brief historical review of classification in psychiatry. It then discusses how DSM-IV contributes to health care and the entire medical field.
From the Paper "Diagnosis is the foundation of all medical practices (Berrios, 1995). In recent years, the medical industry has experienced a revolution in medicine's ability to identify and treat the illnesses that burden humanity. The psychiatric industry, which specializes in treating mental illnesses, has been a key participant in this revolution, identifying new diagnostic measures and systems of classification for many psychiatric disorders."
Abstract This paper examines what the concept of "human resource planning" entails. It looks at the importance of this policy and its main components - goals and plans; current skills inventory; human resource forecast; implementation programs; evaluation and adjustment. It also examines the concept of "classification" and looks at the pros and cons of this job evaluation method.
From the Paper "Human Resource Planning is a process implemented by an organization for ensuring that an adequate number of qualified personnel will remain available at the required time for meeting its needs. A comprehensive human resource plan would ensure that the needs of the employees are met concurrently. Human Resource Planning also provides the basis and the required information for important personnel activities such as "classification" and ?selection,? the other topics of discussion in this paper."
Abstract This paper provides a brief review of proposals to develop a classification system for the categorization of national accounting systems. The paper uses the United Kingdom and the United States to illustrate the effectiveness of such systems in developing and understanding the accounting regimes in different countries.
From the Paper "The increasing globalization of economic activity has demonstrated a need for coherence in accounting standards. The efforts to develop such coherence referred to most often ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the taxonomy tables used by biologists to group and classify living organisms, and examines the critical traits to classify animal phyla. Each animal phylum using a dichotomous key has helped in determining the factors to make the classification.
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that classifications serve many purposes for different agencies and organizations and fields, including law enforcement. Classification is a tool that, when used correctly, can help agencies devote time to critical matters efficiently. Classification provides agencies the ability to assign cases or problems to specific classes and people that provide expert advice and direction within those fields. The writer points out that this is an important consideration, especially with regard to the fields of law and law enforcement. The writer maintains that without a well-defined classification system within the field of law enforcement, too many cases might be overlooked or lumped into inappropriate categories, resulting in improper investigation or lack of follow up. The writer concludes that because there is so much potential for proper and efficient law enforcement when categories and sub-categories are specialized, it is critical that law enforcement agencies consider and review their classification system regularly.
Outline:
Classification Overview
Classification in Law Enforcement
Purposes of Classes & Sub-Classes in Law Enforcement
Reasons for Classification in Law Enforcement
Classification by System
From the Paper "The role of the researcher in a law enforcement sub-category of social services may serve as a lecturer, offering information to organizations or companies about fields of interest in social work. The role of the head of the department may include supervising the work of field experts and monitoring progress, as well as assigning cases to specific experts in the social work sub-category of the classification of Social Work under law enforcement. Professional staff may also serve in the social work classification field under direction of one of the researchers or the head of the law enforcement agency; the role of this staff member may be administrative. This suggests an administrative officer working under the social work classification in law enforcement will help the department manage family law cases, including reports of abuse or recommendations regarding incarceration of related family or other information."
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that law can be classified in different ways. The writer notes that such classification is a useful exercise in learning and for obtaining an overview of the subject as it helps one to break up a large topic into manageable proportions. However, the writer points out that it must be remembered that the classification of law is an arbitrary exercise and there is no absolute or "right way" of categorizing law. In this paper, some of the ways in which law can be categorized are discussed.
Outline:
Civil Law and Criminal Law
Classification by Subject
Classification by Scope
Classification by Origins of Law
Procedural Law vs. Substantive Law
References
From the Paper "Perhaps the simplest way to classify law is to divide it in two broad categories: civil law and criminal law. In such a classification, one can assume that civil law is all law other than criminal law. Hence in this type of grouping, all laws other than criminal law such as property law, contract law, tort, commercial, and administrative law fall under the broad heading of civil law and are dealt with by the civil courts. As opposed to this, criminal law is dealt with by criminal courts."
"Such categorization of law is useful because it highlights the differences between civil and criminal law, which are important to understand the intricacies of legal systems of countries such as the United States."
Tags: criminal, administrative, courts, legal, systems
This paper reviews Jean Anyon's essay "Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work" that discusses the varying teaching techniques based on a community's social class.
Abstract This paper explains that social classification in the classroom is a biased system of education which trains the children of lower social classes to be docile and obedient in order to prepare them for a career of following orders; whereas, the children of well-to-do Americans are taught assertiveness, resourcefulness and creativity to prepare them not only to lead a career but also how to be proper global citizens. The author points out that differences in education across the social spectrum are observed in the styles of teaching, the ways in which a school tests and grades its students and the ways the faculty treats the students. The paper recommends that a better method of educational classification is used in Germany in which students are grouped based on their academic achievement, potential and personal characteristics to attend schools that prepare them for careers best suited for the individual rather than on their social classification.
From the Paper "Before investigating how the students in different social classes are taught, Anyon defines each type of school on the basis of the social class of its student's parents. She labels the first type studied as "working class schools" because most of the parents of the students hold blue-collar jobs such as pipe welders, auto mechanics, and security guards earning yearly incomes of $12,000 or less. The author describes the next school as a "middle class school" consisting of children of skilled blue-collar workers, working and middle-class white-collar employees, and middle managers earning between $13,000 and $25,000. Moving up the social ladder, Anyon defines the "affluent professional school" as one that "has a parent population that is at the upper income level of the upper middle class and is predominantly professional" building careers as doctors, lawyers, and engineers earning between $40,000 and $80,000. The final type of school Anyon discusses is the "affluent professional school" in which the students' parents serve as top executives in major corporations earning over $100,000."
Abstract In "Giving Things Names", S.I. and Alan Hayakawa argue that the words that we use to classify things originate in our reactions to them, but that these classifications can also act to define our understanding. The paper explains how they carefully develop their thesis by using examples and move from the general to the specific in order to create a logical basis for their potentially controversial discussion of 'race', 'nationality', and classification.
From the Paper "Hayakawa and Hayakawa take a number of carefully reasoned steps in order to develop their thesis. First, they use a relatively simple example to illustrate how things come to be named based upon what they mean to us. They give the example of a village where a number of animals live. These animals are either large or small, and have round or square heads, or curly or straight tails. One villager notices the small animals eat grain, and names these animals gogo. Another villager notes that the ones with square heads bite, and names these daba, while a third villager notes that the ones with curly tails kill snakes, and names these busa (paragraph 2). Here, each animal is named based on what it means to the person who named it."
Abstract This paper investigates the task of automatic recognition of film genres, more specifically the recognition and classification of theatrical movie trailers on the basis of genre.
Outline
Introduction
Background
Specification and Design
Shot detection
Feature Extraction
Classification Implementation
Reading in a Movie File
Shot Boundaries Detection and Key Frame Extraction
Key Frame Feature Extraction Class Identification
Results and Evaluation Key Frames
Intensities and Standard Deviation
Overall Project Evaluation
Future Work
Conclusion
Appendices
From the Paper "The use of key frame analysis will greatly reduce the computational time spent by the system obtaining feature statistics that can be used for classification. Although the computational effort is reduced the accuracy should not be that adversely affected since using one frame from each shot in the trailer will give a fairly rounded view of the content of the clip as a whole. Throughout the project every effort will be made to reduce the computational complexity of the system since Matlab is a very resource intensive environment, and a reasonable execution time is desired."
Abstract This paper describes the SuDoc government document classification system and how it is derived. It also looks at other government document systems (SROI, ASI, IIS), census documents, the depository library system, and the SIC/NAIC system, and gives examples of classifications of documents.
From the Paper "The Superintendent of Documents Classification System originated from the Library of the Government Printing Office between and The Superintendent. It is attributed to Miss Adelaide R Hasse who assigned classification numbers based on government organization..."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the difference between civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. The writer maintains that the difference between various types of human rights is largely dependent on the various human and societal functions. However, the writer points out that a central difference lies in the classification of the classic and the social main groups. The writer concludes that notwithstanding the many issues surrounding human rights the one integrating factor is that all the various types and classifications of these rights are bound by the underlying foundation of all human rights; namely to promote and protect the rights of the individual in order to create a more equitable and just world.
Outline:
Introduction
First Generation Rights: Civil and Political
Second Generation or Social Rights.
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "These different areas fall under various categories such as civil rights, which includes the right to fair legal and trial. Another category aligned to civil rights is political rights, which includes the right to vote. In addition there are other rights that are included under the general rubric of human rights. These refer to economic, social and cultural rights which include, for example, the right to water and adequate housing. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a formal agreement which guarantees all these different types of rights in an international sense.
The division and categorization of the different types of human rights also has a historical context and foundation that helps us to understand the differences between these various categories. It should also be remembered that many of these categories are interrelated."
Abstract This paper talks about crime and its classifications. The author defines natural crimes as acts that are almost universally considered wrong even if they were not against the law and legal crimes as acts or improper behavior that break the law. The paper gives examples of crimes in each classification and discusses how ethical issues can result. The author also discusses briefly, environmental crimes and the legislation involved.
From the Paper "Some laws and the legal crimes associated with breaking them may in fact be unjust: a perfect example of legal crimes based on immoral laws is Jim Crow or other legal forms of racial discrimination. Therefore, a legal crime might not be a natural crime and vice-versa. Drug possession and use are legal crimes but not natural crimes; they are crimes only because of legislation. The canon of legal crimes varies from country to country, state to state; what is tolerated in some places is not in others. Likewise, what is considered a natural crime differs from place to place. In some locales, abortion is considered a natural crime as well as a legal one; in others it is neither."
Tags: law breaking, law legislation environmentalism
