This paper discusses Erving Goffman's "The Presentation of the Gendered Self in Everyday Life" and Pierre Bourdieu's "'Habitus' Social Class and Everyday Life" and relates them to class and gender in multicultural Australia.
Abstract This paper explains that Goffman's "The Presentation of the Gendered Self in Everyday Life" sets up a model of human interaction, which takes most of its metaphors from the realm of theatrical performance. The author points out that, as a Muslim woman, taking into account Goffman's framework, the 'front' of her performance in everyday life is wearing the veil, which lie beneath significant connotation and hence presenting herself on stage by her appearance and manner. The paper relates that Bourdieu argues that physical capital (in the form of body shape, walk and posture) is socially produced through activities such as sport, food, and etiquette.
From the Paper "Goffman in his framework uses a metaphor (a drama) to explain how social meaning is attributed to a person in ordinary, everyday interaction. We see how the persona, on and off a stage and with various audiences, is manifested through performance and roles. Through the drama, actors give meaning to themselves, to others and their situation. Interactions, which are seen to be performances before observers, deliver impressions to others according to the actor's goals. Information is exchanged to confirm identity and the significance of behavior."
Abstract This paper addresses the compensation methods for educators in the US, which has remained unchanged since the 1950s. The paper argues that teacher salaries are regulated without regard for classperformance, peer rating, subject taught, or individual accolades received and these can cause complacency as pay is not aligned with results. The paper examines the value of motivation and analyzes if monetary increases in salaries based on performance influence teachers in the public education system to work harder. The paper also studies past and present results of performance based pay, both in the private and public sectors and concludes that Cincinnati public school teachers demonstrated the ability to steadily improve proficiency scores in all subject areas. The paper also provides recommendations for creating innovative ways to reward teachers. This paper includes charts and figures.
Contents:
Background
Problem Statement
Purpose of the Study
Study Objectives
Chapter II: Literature Review
Introduction
Section 1
Section 2
Government
Chapter III: Methodology
Introduction
Chapter 4
Data Collection
Cycle I
Cycle II
Cycle III
Reliability and Validity
Scope of Limitations
Chapter V
Summary
Recommendation
References
From the Paper "By 1970, collective bargaining had swept the nation after President John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon in the 1960 election. Kennedy had actively courted labor unions during his presidential campaign and highlighted the contributions of the labor movement when accepting the nomination for his party. Consequently, union membership, once hated by white collar workers, became acceptable. Although President Kennedy had based a large portion of his campaign on making union promises, he was unable to accomplish any major piece of reform within the teacher union community because his assassination shortened his term in office. However, President Kennedy's assassination did not end the push for teacher unions."
Proposes a study to determine if adding virtual office hours to a distance learning computer science first course (CS1) has an effect percentage of students that receive a D, F or withdraw from class (DFW) rates.
Abstract This paper examins the problem of high D, F or withdraw from class (DFW) rates in beginning computer science courses (CS1). The author points out that the problem is believed to be caused by the cognitive complexity that many students face while learning the difficult skill of computer programming. Adding virtual office hours might help resolve this problem. The paper presents the research goals, methodology and research questions.
Table of Contents:
Background / Problem Statement
Method
Findings
Goals
Research Questions
From the Paper "From there, not only most schools are very accommodating to students who taking online classes, but they also provide a learning experience for the non native speaking students that are trying to further their education in America by adding Virtual Office Hours. Fortunately, there are no disadvantages from adding Virtual Office Hours except for the cost for the student, which financial aid can be assistance for. Furthermore, there is truly only flexible for students who take online classes since they can work at their own pace."
Abstract The paper discusses how Karl Marx believed that there were two classes of people; the working class and the wealthy. His social philosophy suggested that the wealthy class was consistently attempting to ensure that the working class could never alter their social position. Furthermore, Marx contended that the wealthy controlled the working class because of the working class dependence on the wealthy for their livelihood. In modern society, however, the growing opinion is that there are three social classes; the poor, the middle class and the wealthy.
A look at England in the 1850's and the class struggles which existed between the landowners and the middle class, and the working class against the industrial revolution.
Abstract An examination of the chaos existing in 19th century England and the causes and consequences. The paper states that England's development of a dual class struggle -middle class vs. aristocracy and working class vs. middle class - arose for several reasons. The most immediate and obvious cause was the industrial revolution, which impacted the country economically, socially, and politically.
From the Paper "The year 1850 found England in the midst of some remarkable transitions. First, in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, England was in the process of evolving from being an agrarian society into being an industrial one. In fact, the year 1851 would mark the first year when the number of people in England's cities and towns was greater than the number of people in her rural areas (Hibbert 67).
"Second, for the first time in the country's history, the landowners, also known as the gentry or aristocracy, found themselves losing political ground and cultural influence to the middle class. The Middle Class, strengthened by the Industrial Revolution, had battered its way into the House of Commons and successfully passed several reform measures, such as the Prison Act, and the Lunacy Act, measures that the aristocracy would not have undertaken if left to their own devices."
This paper discusses working class rebellion as depicted in Phillip Bonosky's novel, "Burning Valley", and the film, "Norma Rae", directed by Martin Ritt.
Abstract This paper uses examples from a novel and a film to demonstrate that, until there is resistance, revolution, or rebellion, people usually will accept their position in society as either a worker or someone in the upper class, such as a business manager. The author points out that, after examining several instances from the novel and the film, it is clear that the different mindset of the working class from the upper class causes a class structure gap. The paper stresses that rebellion is a disturbance that causes members of the working class to rethink their position.
From the Paper "While there are many differences between Norma Rae, in the film titled "Norma Rae", and the character of Benedict Blumanis, they share an important similarity. They have the potential to change their way of thinking. After a man that she had been sexually involved with beat and verbally abused Norma, she came across the familiar face of a union organizer, Reuben. In this scene, as she asks Reuben questions, Norma is displaying her willingness to understand and her openness to change."
Abstract The paper explains that, in the conflict (Marxian) theory, capitalist societies are divided into two opposing classes, wage workers and capitalists, and that conflict between these two classes will eventually lead to revolutions that will establish classless socialist societies. The author points out that the interactionist perspective stresses the prestige factor to understand the behaviors of status groups, which form within a given class, such as two persons in an upper class neighborhood, one of whom owns an Olympic-size swimming pool while his neighbor only owns an above-ground pool. The paper concludes that the long-term realities of Bush's policies can only truly benefit the upper class.
From the Paper "Another key feature of Bush's economic agenda has been reforming Social Security with private investment accounts. While Bush's scheme suggests that he was supposed to solve the financial downfall of the last two years, he diverted attention away from the crisis and moved it squarely on Saddam Hussein. Who knows what kind of economic
disaster we have waiting for us in the immediate future? ?Furthermore, while young people seem more attracted to Bush's policies than skeptical elders, it is actually the younger generation of new workers who are destined to lose most, because of the cost of diverting Social Security revenues into the new individual stock accounts while still
paying benefits to retirees.? However, the volatility of the market at any given time makes it appear that the only ones who could possibly benefit from this type of plan would have to be the rich. The simple fact is that they have enough money in capital reserves to take risks with a program that they certainly won?t need anyway. If this pattern continues, a transfer from general revenues will be needed to help
with the transition's negative cash flow."
Abstract This paper examines Virgin Airlines upper class service and the services and facilities it offers to its customers. The paper describes in detail the original idea for a "First Class" service as envisaged by the company's founder, Sir Richard Branson and its development since the airlines founding in 1982. The paper discusses how the upper class service fits in with the image generated by Virgin Airways and the entire Virgin Group of companies. The writer contends that Virgin's upper class service is the market leader in customer service and satisfaction due to innovative advertising, forward thinking and value for money.
From the Paper "Virgin Atlantic flies mainly to destinations that are major population center or tourist destination. So by flying high traffic, profitable routes, Virgin Atlantic has been able to maintain a passenger load factor of around 76% in spite of competition and also stay profitable. Also by exclusively flying big aircrafts such as the Boeing 747 and Airbus A340, Virgin Atlantic is able to balance its high price - low passenger Upper Class, with low price - high passenger economy class. Virgin Atlantic has positioned itself as a unique player in the airline industry by offering the best service, for a very good price. For instance, a roundtrip from London Heathrow to New York's John F Kennedy on May 19th 2009 returning on May 21st 2009 costs $7,616 on Virgin Atlantic Upper Class and $11,762 on British Airways First Class. The same trip on British Airways Business class costs $7,616 but Virgin Atlantic's Upper Class offers much more services for the same price, increasing the price-value relationship."
Tags: transatlantic boeing aircraft economy class flight laker airline, Virgin Airlines, first class, premium passengers
Abstract This paper provides a thorough explanation of social class. It looks at the many factors that determine a social class such as the demography of the different classes, their psychological characteristics, their interaction, their culture and many others. The writer then analyzes some sociologists' opinions on how social classes are formed.
From the Paper "Social classes are determined based on the differences of people. A class of a society is different from the other class. In that, the lower class group has lesser opportunities than the higher social class. This groupings or identification of social class is somehow unfair to how the past and the present generation uses it. Although now grouping individuals into social class is diminishing, the meaning and characteristics of each class still remains based on peoples' standing in society, either they belong to the rich class, the poor class, or the middle class of people. Social classes can be determined on several factors such as condition of living, labor and employment, ideological perceptions, political influences, and religious influences."
Abstract This paper explains that Lind Stout's 1996 book "Bridging the Class Divide" is meant to help middle-class activists. The author points out that the book includes the way to wage more inclusive and effective progressive movements.
From the Paper "A progressive from a working class background in "Bridging the Class Divide", author Lind Stout provides an account of how middle-class activists may be unaware that the contribute to the class divide that occurs within current social ..."
Abstract This paper examines several theories and definitions of social class and looks at the significance of social class in society. The paper discusses the implications of social class, in terms of disadvantage or privilege and looks at the impact on the individual of family, social class, schools and socialization.
From the Paper "Social class is understood by Ostrove and Cole as a construct in encompassing notions of privilege, status, power and position within a society. Social class constructs identity, establishes differences between groups within society and confers distinct privileges. Simultaneously, along with race and gender, class has implications in terms of both privilege and disadvantage. Individuals may experience discrimination on the basis of class, which is a powerful social category that shapes individuals' experience of themselves in the world. Though class is generally considered to be..."
Abstract This paper analyzes the song "Working Class Hero" for what it says about work and workers, and for how it might help a vocational counselor. This paper notes that the song "Working Class Hero" celebrates the members of the working class who do their jobs for their families and who do not get the respect they deserve. The song does not single out one type of worker but instead celebrates the class of workers who do most of the work for society.
From the Paper " The song begins with a reference to retirement, to the end of the working life, showing how little the worker receives in terms of praise for what he has done. He is given a gold watch and holds it in his callused hand. The song also indicates, however, that the working class hero does not want more than this and instead has worked his whole life for the good of his family, giving his wife a house and his children a start in life. "
Abstract This paper discusses the subject of social class and relates that it
transcends actual wealth because the concept relates much more to issues regarding social networking, values, beliefs, and personal identity. Furthermore, the paper discusses how social class often relates to whom one knows, how well-connected a person is in the community, and what ethnic background an individual is part of. The writer then discusses various issues regarding social class such as careers, associating with the correct people etc., and looks at how these issues relate to her own life.
From the Paper "In spite of the limitations I place on myself in terms of who I associate with, I have been able to make friends from different class backgrounds. I learn a lot from my friends, who have taught me the value of understanding where others come from and how their self-concept is shaped by their families. The people I know from lower class backgrounds or who are very poor sometimes feel hopeless because of the long uphill battle they would have to climb if they wanted to attend university. Because their parents cannot afford tuition, they rely on scholarships or financial grants. If they attend a community college, they mark themselves as a lower class to middle class background because usually community colleges are attended by the students whose families cannot afford to send them to a larger state university. Thus, I am aware of the ways society imposes limitations on our ability to change our social class even if the United States is a more liberal society than most. I have a balanced perspective about social class: on the one hand I acknowledge the ways social class has affected my identity and my friendships, my goals and my dreams. On the other hand, I seek to transcend class and have access to different sources of income, different outlooks on life, and different social circles."
Tags: lower, class, middle, class, society, lower, income
Abstract This paper examines the effect of class divisions on the current education system in America. It evaluates through a literature review, how the result is that schools in wealthier areas provide more educational opportunity than schools in poor areas because funding is often tied to the tax base and once students graduate, they again find that some get preferences and that a degree in itself does not suffice. It looks at how the failure of education only reinforces what people have long intuitively known, that there is some relationship between social position and educational level. The educational level an adult can attain helps identify that adult as a member of a certain socioeconomic class, while the educational level a child is able to attain will determine his or her future socioeconomic class to a great extent.
From the Paper "Education is thought to be based on a number of assumptions about promoting ability, recognizing talent, developing the mind, and providing equal opportunity for all. However, Kozol shows that many of these assumptions are given no more than lip-service. Kozol accepts that society does believe in the value of these ideas, and he also indicates that most people believe these assumptions are not only true but are followed. Kozol finds, however, that they are not followed at all in the educational system and that there are a number of reasons for this, most of them economic or economically-based. "
This paper focuses on the importance of employee evaluations and performance appraisals in the workplace while also discussing the differences between the two.
Abstract This paper defines an employee's performance appraisal as a formal, structured system that compares employee performance to established standards set up by the managing staff in the workplace. This paper discusses the manner in which both appraisal and evaluation of job performance are shared with the employees. The writer of this paper contends and explains why employee appraisals are beneficial not only to the organization but to the employee as well. This paper, presented from the writer's personal point of view, details the various elements in a performance appraisal which are specifically tailored to the organization's employees, jobs and structure. This paper examines the various research studies done on this particular subject while also detailing the results and findings of these studies. This paper also includes an annual performance review form with detailed instructions on how to effectively appraise one's employment performance.
From the Paper "Some experts in human resources or management say that performance reviews are a waste of time, since they only create confusion and ill will. They believe that nstead of annually, evaluations should be part of the everyday routine--reviewing what is being done, has been accomplished and still needs to be acted on. That would be great if everyone had the opportunity to meet for a few minutes each day. However, with the amount of work and everyone's busy schedules, this is impossible. As I noted above, it would be nice to meet formally more often, but every day or even once a week is unrealistic. Overall, I believe that the performance reviews help both the company and the employee if used correctly. The company has the opportunity to lead the personnel in the direction that will provide the best support."
