Abstract
This paper discusses the basics of class action lawsuits, providing some common examples of these types of lawsuits. The paper presents the exemption employment rule and explores how this can lead to class action lawsuits. The paper explains that the exemption classification is part of the employment law that grants employers the right to refuse overtime pay to employees who fall under some "exempt" categories. Several examples of class action lawsuits are presented in the paper.

From the Paper
"Class action lawsuits refer to those civil suits brought by a group of people in similar situation. It is one of the most effective and cost-efficient method of bringing charges against an employer for unfair business practices that caused harm to one several employees or consumers. In most cases, class action lawsuits are brought against corporations and large organizations, but in some rare care, legal professionals can also register a class action against any organization if it notices unfair practices and can gather individuals who would testify to the same."

Tags:suing, civil, group

Abstract
This paper begins by defining the concept of representative proceedings or actions. It then discusses the procedural aspects of commencing a procedural action. This is followed by a discussion of the benefits to both the applicant and respondent regarding representative actions and what the limitations of such proceedings are. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the future of representative actions.

From the Paper
"The popular term, Class Action, is better defined in the Australian Jurisdictions as a Representative proceeding, a proceeding in which a defined party (or parties), will bring an action as plaintiff on behalf of a group, of seven or more members , where the group has an issue arising out of common circumstances , giving rise to a common question of law or fact. The legislative provisions Part IVA are mirrored by the Judgement of Mchugh J in Carnie , where his honour held;

"In my opinion, a plaintiff and the represented persons have "the same interest" in legal proceedings when they have a community of interest in the determination of any substantial question of law or fact" "

Tags:australia, procedural, applicant, respondent

Abstract
This paper explains that the basic aim of affirmative action was to put a considerable dent in the tightly controlled networks of privileged white male citizens who monopolized the good jobs and influential positions in American society. The author points out that Congress has consistently found that discrimination exists in the awarding of government contracts. The paper relates that affirmative action has been shown to benefit middle-class minorities more often then those in the lower-class.

Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Affirmative Action
The Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action

From the Paper
"Until the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 was passed, lenders routinely discriminated against women based on their sex and marital status, limiting their ability to accumulate capital. Accordingly, even by 1990 the average business owned by women earned only $19,876 a year, which was 45% of the average earnings of the typical American business. In 1994, women-owned businesses represented 1.7% of procurement dollars awarded by the Department of Defense."

Tags:middle-class, capital, women-owned, networks, admission

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the issue of affirmative action with respect to the protected class of sex. The writer analyzes 3 cases for and 3 cases against affirmative action.

From the Paper
"According to Marvin Hill the concept of sex discrimination under Title VII and the Constitution is a complex and evasive phenomenon which is perhaps incapable of definition i Title VII of the Civil Rights Act explicitly prohibits discrimination in employment as to hiring firing compensation terms conditions or privileges of employment on the basis of race color religion sex or national origin. Numerous court cases have been heard that focus on each of the protected classes thus identified ..."

Tags:affirmative action, Title VII, gender

Abstract
This paper examines how a history of cultural annihilation and commercialization, of economic repression and segregation and finally of an astounding lapse in communication has left the current generation of African-Americans with a race and class crisis. It debates whether the concepts of affirmative action solve this and whether a better solution would be to soundly and reasonable work out a way to promote a fuller integration of places of education and employment. It evaluates how a total resolution to this conflict would rely on increased education and services at the most basic levels, increased communication and coordination at higher levels and above all a willingness on both sides to come to the table and make peace.

From the Paper
"Historically, blacks in America have faced far more discrimination than any other people. They were brought to this land as slaves, and underwent generations of systematic de-culturalization before finally being released from official slavery into an often more difficult economic and cultural slavery. Yet despite these overwhelming odds, black culture has transformed America and in many ways become an integral part of it. Blacks have made invaluable contributions in every area of modern American life, from peanut butter to rock n'roll, from civil rights legacies to sports legends. Unfortunately, the gap between the lives of white and black Americans has decreased far less than one might have hoped. While black culture seems to have been largely integrated into the fabric of American life, one also sees a startling degree of ghettoization as well. There are many black individuals in business, for example, and yet few in management positions. There are many black entertainers, but few blacks exercise any control over the giant media conglomerates."

Tags:african, americans, education, discrimination, race, class

Abstract
The paper examines the research on how resource/income levels are variant between different classes and races and shows how class may be determined by income. The paper explores why certain classes earn more than other classes and reveals that income increases concurrently with education, from the level of grade school up to doctorate degrees. The paper then deals with race discrimination and the argument that goods, services, and economic opportunities are kept from members of certain races. The paper offers a personal opinion that that class and race are both influential in determining opportunity.

From the Paper
"It has been argued for decades whether class or race is a determining factor in educational, income, career, and job opportunities. The availability of resources, health care availability, quality of life, and even life expectancy statistics have been tied to race or class. There are several arguments for both race and class as determining factors in the distribution of wealth and resources. Those who argue that class is a determining factor suggest that people of lower economic and social class are overlooked in public policy creation, are possibly targeted in criminal law creation, are not allowed similar rights as those of higher class members, and are purposely restricted from opportunities by more powerful members of higher classes. Those who argue that race is influential the distribution of resources argue that policies are created to favor members of a particular race, that more opportunities for better jobs are offered to a particular race, that criminal laws are created to target certain races and benefit certain races, and that educational opportunities are limited for particular races."

Tags:discrimination, opportunity, affirmative, action, resources, society

Abstract
This paper examines the rather diffuse concept of intergenerational transfer of class. Although a succinct and well worded definition is surprisingly difficult to find, the paper does provide a general description of the concept in action that should be of some assistance to those encountering the expression for the first time.

From the Paper
'The following brief paper will review the concept, "intergenerational transfer of class". In addition to offering a succinct definition of it, the paper will also explore the relevancy of the above concept to the criminal justice system in the United States. In so doing, what it is hoped will emerge from this discussion is an appreciation of how certain socio-economic groups in society (which tend invariably to be dominated by certain ethnic and/or racial groups) perpetuate their advantages over time and, in so doing, ensure themselves of being in a strong position to take full advantage of the court system whenever the situation should arise. '

Tags:intergenerational, transfer, class

Abstract
This paper is a historical analysis of affirmative action in the United States. It covers the period from the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the leaders involved in the decision to pass this amendment to the Constitution, and the motivation behind this historic decision. It then compares the policies of more recent years, and shows how the intentions of the originators of this Act have been manipulated, and how the group that it was intended to benefit from these actions, are now suffering reverse discrimination.

From the paper:

"The Declaration of Independence states, "all men are created equal." Our Constitution is based on giving each citizen the same equal rights. However, policies have been implemented since 1961 to go against the words of the founding fathers of this country. Affirmative action is, by definition, "a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups" or "encouragement for increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment." Problems associated with affirmative action include reverse discrimination. Also, merit and accomplishments may be replaced by the requirement of a quota for a certain race or gender."

Tags:affirmative, action, civil, rights, kennedy, california, conservative, blacks, eeoc, johnson, race, gender, supreme, court, georgia, maryland, poor, classes, college

Abstract
This paper provides the history of affirmative action in the US, as well as explores how it has shaped and/or affected race, class & gender. The paper also explains how affirmative action has both helped and hindered our society in its goal to attain equality.

Table of Contents:
Historical Background
Slavery, Race and Affirmative Action
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 1969, President Nixon instituted minority hiring goals for federal contractors. Affirmative action policies were expanded by additional legislation and various Supreme Court decisions. In 1972, the Equal Opportunity Act extended Affirmative Action to include colleges
and universities. Ultimately, Affirmative Action encompassed women and the handicapped as well.
"By the 1980s, with the Regan-Bush administration, a wave of conservatism hit America, and commitment to Affirmative Action waned."

Tags:guidelines bill, reversed discrimination, racial imbalance, women

Abstract
This paper takes the position that Affirmative Action policies have caused more harm than good. It argues that Affirmative Action violates the United States Constitution, favors the middle and upper class, allows unqualified entry to universities and jobs, promotes racism, and fosters further discrimination.

From the Paper
"If preferences were truly meant to remedy disadvantage, they would be given on the basis of disadvantage, not on the basis of factors such as race and ethnicity. Instead, the benefactors of affirmative action are middle and upper class individuals that don't need the help. The most under-represented group of Americans at the nation's top colleges and colleges isn't blacks or Hispanics, but students from low-income families. Only three percent of the freshmen at the 146 most selective colleges and universities come from families in the bottom quarter of America ranked by income. In contrast, twelve percent are black or Hispanic."

Tags:discrimination, race, color, religion, gender, national, origin, opportunities, quotas