Abstract The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, "Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during client centered (Rogerian) therapy"?. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers's work and into "projective testing" itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers's Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client
Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a "first response" to each word. Following Galton's work, Carl Jung ? a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud ? utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were "constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue" (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a "delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word" can indicate the existence of a complex."
Abstract This paper states that the problem of obesity in the African-American population has been a topic of some analytical import in extant research and literature, but there is little agreement about the actual causes of this problem and the proper ways in which to approach it. The author points out that one objective is to explore the link between high rates of obesity and high rates of Type 2 diabetes in the African-American population generally, seeking to explore this link in detail and assay solutions that deal with an individual's insulin levels and levels of insulin resistance by population. The paper relates that the selected hypothesis is that a useful way of targeting and reducing the prevalence of obesity in African-Americans is to look at the problem from a perspective of community-based solutions, which can be applied in terms of empowering change at the sociocultural level.
Table of Contents
Definition of Problem and Clarification of Objectives Definition of Nature, Extent, Significance
Framing of Questions
Statement and Clarification of Objectives Explanation of Terms
BMI
Type 2 Diabetes
VAT- Visceral Adipose Tissue
Super Obese
Insulin Resistance
Metabolic Rate
Statistical Collaboration
Appraisal of Existing Information on the Subject Search of Literature
Classification and Organization of Information Critical Appraisal of Information
Disclosure of Gaps in Knowledge
Formulation of Hypothesis
Important Questions Needing Study and Formulation of Hypothesis
Consideration of Needs, Interests, Resources Selection of Hypothesis
From the Paper "In terms of gender-related statistics, obesity is a problem that seems to affect African-American women more than African-American men, based on extant statistics on the problem and the prevalence of this statement within literature ranging from socio-cultural analysis to controlled experimental designs. Although African-American males also have comparatively high rates of obesity when compared to other demographic groups, it is African-American women who have a higher rate of obesity than men. As one article stressing the report of the U.S. Surgeon General states, "Among Blacks, nearly 70 percent of Black women are overweight or obese, compared to 58 percent of Black men. Lower-income families also tend to be heavier than more affluent ones, since sometimes the most fattening foods are the cheapest," Satcher revealed."
A review of necessary considerations of the organization in relation to implementation of employee monitoring in the workplace for purposes of performance management.
Abstract The paper selects an organization ethics issue and based upon this selection examines the application of each of the six ethical decision-making steps in relation to the issue selected. The paper includes six distinct sections that correlate to the following: issue clarification, stakeholder analysis, value identification, issue resolution, addressing objections, and resolution implementation. The paper specifically the issue of employee monitoring in the workplace for purposes of performance management. The paper concludes that more research is needed on this subject.
From the Paper "The Americans With Disabilities Act provide legal guidelines for handling employee relations issues; however, it's possible to comply with the law and still not be on solid ethical ground." (Gravett, 2002) According to Gravett building a high trust and mutual respect organization requires an ethical framework in which information is "timely, accurate and complete...alternatives are discussed freely and ideas and problems are shared and concrete goals are developed in order to resolve the ethical issue." (2002; paraphrased) Therefore the issue of environmental ethics is one that may seek legal reforms as the forum in which to address the issue however, there are processes of dispute resolution engage in between corporations and municipalities or communities and then too, when alternative forms of dispute resolution fail there is also the option of legal remedy through the courts which however, generally takes much longer, costs much more and resolves less after all this."
Tags: stakeholder, macro-level, strategies, decision-making, process
Abstract This paper analyzes the fourth section of Elihu Rosenblatt' book "Criminal Injustice" which deals in particular with the clarification of gender issues and how these issues relate to prison reform. It examines how it addresses the particular stresses women face when exposed to punishment and the stresses of incarceration in the criminal justice system. It evaluates the misconceptions that often women's prisons are viewed as easier or less stringent then men's prisons and that women are "less punished" than men.
From the Paper "The women's control unit featured highlights the difficulties women face in the real world of corrections. Women are judged not only as criminals, but also for their failure to obey certain societal, feminine norms as wives, mothers, or girlfriends. When women become judged as criminals, they are seen as not only forfeiting their rights as citizens, much like men, but also as forfeiting their rights as wives, mothers, girlfriends, daughters, etc. They, in essence, become viewed as "nonpersons" rather than individuals in need of rehabilitation, much less individuals still possessing a certain set of basic human rights. The controls set in action to monitor their behavior within a prison reflects this perception. Exposure to their children, for instance, is used as a method of control, when women have children."
Abstract The paper explores the mental aspects of language acquisition, storage, production and comprehension. It begins with a definition of "psycholinguistics" and a clarification of terms. The paper then outlines the history of this field of study, looking at some of the personalities that influenced its development. Chomsky's language acquisition theory is explained, other divergent theories are mentioned, and commonalities between the theories are discussed. The paper lists and explains the four main aspects of language acquisition and discusses the "critical period" in childhood for learning a language. The paper concludes by discussing the psycholinguistics? relationship to reading and to writing.
From the Paper "Psycholinguistics gives a comprehensive and viable understanding of human language development. The most famous psycholinguist theorist, Noam Chomsky, has argued convincingly that human children develop language abilities according to a predetermined universal deep structure or grammar. The psycholinguistic approach provides invaluable tools for teaching children to read, write, and speak."
Tags: mental, Chomsky, theory, commonality, critical, period
From the Paper "This research will examine three current management techniques for establishing worker enjoyment, effectiveness, and output and production. Subjects such as job enjoyment, types of workers, working conditions, leadership, and communication will be discussed as aspects of the three techniques.
One technique of establishing employee motivation is to inform employees of their role in the company. Many times poor motivation is the result when employees are confused as to what their responsibilities are and to whom should they report (Matthes, 1992b, p. 6). An effective way to build teamwork, which is what worker enjoyment, effectiveness, and production is all about, is to hold awareness sessions. Make employees aware of the "big picture" and company goals. Employees need to know where the "team" is going in the company. "
Abstract The writer looks at a few theories of arguing and how to imbue arguments with morality. Nearly all perspectives of moral theory offer interesting thought and contemplation for the reader. The paper attempts to harmonize these ideas and arguments about morality and its nature in order to make suggestions of how we ought to live our lives.
From the Paper "The consequentialist proposes that the morally right option in any circumstance can be determined by deciding which option it is that brings about the most good, or the best consequences for all persons affected by the action. These individuals look at the good and bad of each situation and choose the option that will yield more good consequences than bad. A consequentialist will examine possible scenarios and eventually choose the one with the best end result. The utilitarian principle forces individuals to think about not only the direct and immediate consequences of their actions, but also any foreseeable future consequences (these future consequences must be taken into consideration when weighing decisions). Finally, the consequentialist must not consider one's happiness above another's?that is, "each person's welfare is equally important.""
A review of an article by text by Arat-Koc on changes in Canadian society towards female participation in the workforce and the part foreign workers play.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 35.95
Abstract This essay reviews a text by Arat-Koc that explains changes in Canadian society towards female participation in the workforce, (as well as inadequate arrangements for child care, and how this has produced reliance on foreign domestic employees in the homes of those who are able to afford them. Arat-Koc estimates that the demand for domestic workers, often from Third World countries, will increase, and without careful examination of the conditions under which these women work or scrutiny of the implications of the temporary work visas under which they are admitted to Canada. Foreign workers continue to fill the gaps in the Canadian domestic sphere although there is need for clarification of their safety, working in relative isolation as they do, within private homes, and the likelihood of exploitation.)
Abstract It focuses on the necessity of task accomplishment, problem-solving, decision-making, role clarification and goal setting. The paper stresses that building and maintaining effective interpersonal relations is a necessity in the process of team building.
Abstract This paper is a full review of the classic Chinese text "The Art of War" by Sun-Tzu. Written in approximately 500 B.C., this book provided the military strategies that lead the Wu Empire to victory. The text is broken into three sections for clarification purposes: command, or the general's influence; combat, or the purpose of the soldier; and strategies and tactics, or how to best the enemy during the fighting.
Abstract St. Augustine presents the theory that war is legitimatised through several distinct principles, all of which shall be examined in this paper. The source used for the majority of clarification on these points is the essay "Against Faustus" by St. Augustine.
Abstract This paper will discuss the book "Moorish Spain" by Richard Fletcher and be written in a review format; as in a magazine or newspaper. Topics covered in the review will be purpose, themes, presentation, strengths, weaknesses, points that need clarification, and recommendation. By integrating these elements a review of this book will be revealed in an all-encompassing description.
Abstract This study will look at trademark law and its impact on the business environment in Canada. It will take a critical look at the Trade-marks Act and look at the way it was applied in the Big Sisters Association of Ontario v. Big Brothers of Canada case. From this analysis it will be clear to see that the law, as it stands, is ambiguous and in need of clarification if it is to serve its objectives. Having shown this, however, it will also be argued that bringing more clarity in to the law is no easy task: some flexibility and room for interpretation will always be necessary if the law is to apply to a wide-spectrum of cases. Applicability comes at the cost of precision.
Abstract This essay examines the emerging trend and, indeed, necessity to distinguish between the two terms "gender" and "sex". It examines the introduction and usage of both terms and the subsequent historical development, including the power benefits that the biological reductionism of "sex theory" encompasses. Through specific reference to sociological schools of thought, such as structural functionalism, feminist critique, role theory, social constructionism and post-structuralist theory, an argument for the need for distinction between "gender" and "sex" is established. With references to Foucault, Derrida, and Judith Butler, this essay examines the need for a biological ("sex") and social ("gender") specificity of sexuality, proposing a conceptually accurate path forward for the future.
From the Paper "The terms ?sex role,? ?sex role socialisation,? ?gender role,? and the term "role" itself, have become so confused and definitionally abstract that it is often inadequate or even incorrect to use such terms. Many individuals do however. The terms "sex" and "gender" are infinitely bandied about, consistently interchanged, and often stand proxy for one another, in every imaginable discourse and social institution. This is because "sex" and "gender" are the foundational concepts upon which society is built. Sex and gender is integral to every social structure, having far-reaching implications that shape individuals? opportunities for safety, employment, education, family, legal access, fecundity, knowledge production and much, much more. However, the challenge here is to understand such implications within a conceptually accurate framework. The development of sex/gender theorising has met this challenge, and the fact that some sociologists today reject the terms "sex roles" and "sex role socialisation" is a reflection of the changing and developing nature of the theoretical framework. It is only through an examination of the history of sex/gender theory however that it is possible to determine how and why these same sociologists have rejected the frameworks that they have."
Tags: biological, critique, feminist, functionalism, gender, post, reductionism, sex, structural, structuralist, theory
Abstract This paper explains that moderately mentally retarded persons usually are considered trainable, but with limitations of learning academic subjects to about the second-grade level. The author points out that one of the most important aspects in educating the moderately mentally retarded student is to attempt to motivate and to bring out the best in that student, while at the same time bearing in mind the students? intellectual limitations. The paper stress that, in teaching the retarded within a conventional classroom situation, the teacher should always bear in mind that such education must take place in the context of a team of professionals responsible for the varying facets of the educative process; therefore, clarification of the different roles of these professionals is important so that there can be no confusion, which would hamper the educative process.
From the Paper "This classification implies a number of characteristics that are usually associated with this level of mental retardation. However, these characteristics can be complex and not necessarily definitive. This is important when it comes to caring for the moderately retarded as a certain degree of latitude should be applied in the case of making a distinction between the mild and moderate classifications. Some categories have been combined for purposes of educational policy."
Tags: limitation, second-grade, team, characteristics, role
