Abstract
This paper examines how Charles Brockden Brown, frequently called the father of the American novel, believed he wrote strong, independent female characterizations in his novels. This paper refutes that supposition by demonstrating how dependent Clara is on her brother in Brown's 1798 novel, "Wieland". It explores how every action and reaction on Clara's part shows just how much of an archetype of the typical 18th century woman Clara really is.

From the Paper
"Charles Brockden Brown includes many elements of Romantic literature, the emphasis on the imagination, a predilection for the mysterious, the weird, the occult, the diseased, and even the Satanic, in the dark image of Carwin. He allows Clara, through his selected mode of storytelling, (epistolary) to examine the human personality, in search of spiritual and rational truths. Brown knew that "Romantic critics such as Schleiermacher called for readers' sympathetic identification with the author" (Leitch 12). He understood that "writing books that sold required entertaining as well as edifying their readers" (Lauter 1233). Brown was astute enough to realize that the developing changes in the country after the American Revolution, with the advent of factories to manufacture the goods formerly produced by women in the home, created an audience of educated, idle women (Lauter 1243)."

Tags:feminist, wieland, romantic

Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of the Portuguese immigration to California which began on September 18, 1542. It looks at how today the Portuguese in Santa Clara have indeed come a long way since the time their forefathers first settled in the beautiful valley dotted with orchards and dairy farms. Now named Silicon Valley, the city is home to the silicon chip industry, which is the backbone of the multi billion dollar computer hardware industry. It shows how the dedication and spirit of enterprise shown by the members of the local community have contributed in no small measure to the tremendous economic and social development the city has witnessed over the past century.

Outline
History of Portuguese Immigration into Santa Clara
Portuguese Culture and Heritage
The Portuguese Historical Museum
Economics and Commerce in Santa Clara
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Portuguese community had developed a closely-knit, supportive culture through the channels of community centers and organizations that they set up, and by periodic cultural events that were held by them. Dedicated to preserving the culture and heritage of their homeland, the early Portuguese settlers started many fraternal organizations. Foremost among them was the Sociedade do Espirito Santo (S.E.S.), which was founded on December 16, 1895 in Santa Clara6. The S.E.S. Corporation building now stands at the corner of Lewis and Lafayette Streets, and this is the place where annual celebrations and social functions are held."

Tags:culture, heritage, immigration, economics, commerce

Abstract
In this article the writer covers the life and work of Clara Barton. The writer discusses how Barton risked her life for others offering medical care on the battlefield. Further, the writer notes her work for the American Red Cross. The writer points out Barton's devotion and commitment to humanitarian relief. The writer maintains that dedication was perhaps her greatest asset when it came to successful leadership. The writer concludes that it is through reviewing Barton's life, and understanding her leadership skills, that nurses can better discover how to become leaders themselves.



Outline:
Abstract
Early Personal History and Career
Clara Barton and the Civil War
Barton Goes to Europe
Barton and the Ratification of the Geneva Convention
Barton and the Early American Red Cross
Barton's Successful Leadership
References

From the Paper
"When the Civil War erupted, Barton was in Washington. As she had proven many times in her life, prior to this point, Barton was not one to sit idly by. She was determined to actively assist the Union. In the beginning, Barton gathered and distributed supplies for the Massachusetts troops that were stationed in Washington. However, by the second year of the war, the tales of hardship and misery on the frontlines, led her to request permission to go to the battlefield. Thanks to the support of prominent Republicans, Barton was given permission to go to the front, from a reluctant War Department."
"Barton's first battlefield experiences at Culpepper and Fairfax Station, Virginia shocked her. She personally took charge of the medical and supply gap for the next three years."

Tags:Red, Cross, Geneva, Convention, nurses, aid

Abstract
Charles Brockden Brown, often credited as the "Father of the American Novel" and the author of the first American novel, believed he supported a feminist viewpoint and that his female characters were strong independent women. This paper disagrees with Brown and, instead, details why Clara, the heroine of his novel "Wieland", is the archetype of the typical 18th century woman, dependent on a man and incapable of making rational decisions.

From the Paper
"Although Leslie A. Fiedler calls Charles Brockden Brown the "inventor of the American writer", and sees the revolt of the European middle classes translating in America to "feminism and anti-intellectualism," Brockden Brown seems to have a problem imbuing Clara, his narrator in Wieland, with these same qualities (145). From the one-line reference [in the Advertisement] to the book's narration by "the lady whose story it contains," to the final explanation of that narrator's marriage to a man who placed her in an untenable (and life threatening) situation with his erroneous and unspeakable accusations, Charles Brockden Brown has created, in the character of Clara, an accurate representation of the predicament of the typical eighteenth-century American woman."

Tags:18th, american, analysis, feminism, gothic, literary, literature, novel

Abstract
This paper explains how during the Civil War Clara Barton became a pioneer in the field of nursing. She helped soldier on the battle front, and identified missing bodies after the war. It looks at how, after going to Europe during the Franco-Prussian war, she started the American branch of the International Red Cross.

From the Paper
"Clara Barton was a pioneer in American nursing. She helped improve medical conditions during the Civil War and was the founder of the American Red Cross. I have always been interested in World War II, and I initially wanted to research a nurse who served in the armed services during it, but I was unable to find enough information about one person to be able to write about. So, I went back further in history and came across Clara Barton as someone who had not only served her country greatly during the Civil War, but had also helped the families of the men she nursed, and had taken an administrative role as the founder and president of the American branch of the International Red Cross. I believe that Clara Barton not only touched the lives of the people she worked with, but also changed them, and this is why I chose to research her."

Tags:civil, cross, nursing, red, war

Abstract
This paper presents an historical account of Clara Barton's heroic service as a Civil War nurse, her active involvement in the suffragist movement, her nursing and social services work in Europe, and her successful involvement in forming the American Red Cross.

From the Paper
"When picturing the atrocities of war today, one usually envisions the ungodly sight of a soldier being shot or blown up. The pain and anguish of a person's face as well as the assailed and bloody body hitting the ground readily come to mind. In the Civil War, however, much of the death and gore did not occur on the battlefields but in the so-called hospitals. Because most people believed the war was going to last only a few months or weeks there was no real effort to recruit doctors. At the beginning of the Civil War, there were 36 doctors in the whole United States and 12 of these surgeons went to the South to serve. Surgeons had no formal training in the art of medicine."

Tags:amputation, cedar, mountain, angel, of, the, battlefield, union, nurses, missing, in, action, treaty, of, geneva, united, states

Abstract
This paper examines the life of Clara Barton, born on Christmas Day, 1821, and how she gave many gifts to her country, not least among them the founding of the American Red Cross. It looks at how, with her pre-feminist strength and her lofty intentions, she struggled with some of the same issues women struggle with today, chief among them bureaucratic insensitivity. It also discusses her work in treating the wounded soldiers of the Civil War and how she fought to have her causes recognized.

From the Paper
"This was long before the days of reliable long-distance communication, so Barton and her two companions, if they wished to minister to the wounded, had no choice but to push on. By daybreak on September 17, they had made camp near the Union bivouacs along Antietam Creek. Despite the boom of cannon, and risking their own lives, the trio pushed on to set up a "field hospital" in a barn at the corner of Sam Poffenberger's cornfield. Barton began comforting the men waiting for surgeons to remove shots from their bodies or to remove parts of the bodies instead. Holding one soldier so he could take a drink, he slumped in her arms, and she realized a bullet had passed through her sleeve, instantly killing her patient."

Tags:civil, war, florence, nightingale, international

Abstract
This paper describes the experiences during Clara Maass' short life. It tells how she was raised and trained to be a nurse and how she served during the Spanish American War. It explains how she served selflessly, was exposed to many diseases, and finally died from yellow fever at age 25.

From the Paper
"When we hear stories of courage and sacrifice, we do have a hard time believing them because of the fact that the world today is so full of selfishness, greed and hatred that sacrifice for the sake of the mankind has become a very rare trait. However Clara Louise Maass (1876-1901) had in trait so deeply embedded in her character that it proved fatal for her. She is the first nurse to ever have been honored by the US government on a commemorative stamp. To give your life for the sake of others is indeed a rare phenomenon these days and to give it at the young age of 25 is even rarer and for this reason Clara Maass' life is source of inspiration for millions around the globe."

Tags:spanish, war, nurse, disease, yellow, fever

From the Paper
"The biography of Clara Barton (whose full name was Clarissa Harlowe Barton) cannot be written without also writing in some measure the history of the American Red Cross as well as that of the history of nursing. This paper examines the work of this founder of the American Red Cross, looking at both her own life and especially at her work during the major battles of the American Civil War. In order to set her work in the proper historical framework, it also provides a very brief overview of the history of nursing as a profession, a profession with which she is " along with Florence Nightingale " responsible in many ways for creating in its contemporary form and at the American Red Cross, of which Barton is the founder.

"Barton, born in 1821 and dying in 1912, dedicated her life to humanitarian causes, of which the Red Cross was perhaps the single ..."

Tags:BIOGRAPHIES

Abstract
This paper discusses how an important theme within D. H. Lawrence's 'Sons and Lovers' is that of relational opposites and how a particularly notable polarity exists in the rivalry between the characters, Miriam and Clara, in their respective sexual relationships with Paul Morel. The paper looks at how clues suggesting the nature of these relationships are imbedded in specific imagery throughout the novel. The paper also analyzes the image of the wren's nest passage in relation to Paul and Miriam, and the River Trent passage in relation to Paul and Clara, to help establish and clarify the tone of these specific relationships.

From the Paper
"In the same way that the wren's nest passage reveals insights into the relationship between Paul and Miriam, so too the Trent River passage provides insights into the relationship between Paul and Clara. On one remarkable outing to the river Trent, Paul buys Clara "a bunch of scarlet, brick-red carnations" (Lawrence 350). The couple enter a dark and wet grove, the track of which is sticky with fallen leaves - Lawrence's imagery is clearly sexual. "Laughing, she looked down into his eyes. Then she leaped, her breast came against his, he held her and covered her face with kisses" (352). From the very beginning of this scene we see a marked difference in the relationship between Paul and Clara versus that of Paul and Miriam. While Paul buys Clara flowers, she does not seek to absorb them into her soul, and they are not part of a religious experience."

Tags:sexuality, River, Trent