Abstract
The paper discusses how from a Marxist-Functionalist perspective, it has been argued that racism serves to reinforce and organize social structures of societal control. The paper looks at how Reiman (1984) in Henry and Tator (2006), supports this assertion. The paper relates that Reiman suggests that the goal of the justice system is not to reduce crime or achieve justice, but to project to the public a visible image of the threat of crime, such as that of the activities of poor, black youth.

From the Paper
"From a Marxist-Functionalist perspective, it has been argued that racism serves to reinforce and organize social structures of societal control. Reiman (1984) in Henry and Tator (2006), supports this assertion. Reiman suggests that the goal of the justice system is not to reduce crime or achieve justice, but to project to the public a visible image of the threat of crime, such as that of the activities of poor, Black youth. Reiman suggests that society derives benefit from the existence of crime, and thus there is reason to believe that social institutions work to maintain rather than eliminate crime (Henry and Tator, 2006, p. 131)."

Tags:racism, society, function

Abstract
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was commonplace to think that "civilization" in its most desirable form was western civilization; in other words, a civilized culture was one that bore the features or the imprimatur of western influence. Despite this, many of the Asian elites who championed the cause of civilization were actually staunch nationalists - even jingoists and racists. The following paper will examine the relationship between claims of a universalistic conception of "civilization" and "particularist" nationalism and assert that Asian countries determining that it was in their best interests to embrace western civilization (or at least parts of it) did so on the grounds that they wanted to empower themselves in a fashion that would enable them to assert their sovereignty from external (especially western) threats. However, it does not automatically follow that the thinkers who embraced (partial) adoption of western civilization were motivated chiefly by nationalistic sentiments - though they certainly were motivated, in some cases, by jingoism. Rather, some leading thinkers and opinion-shapers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century were animated by a pan-Asian vision in which the countries of Asia would unite against the western threat. In other variations of this, at least some Japanese thinkers took things one step further and insisted that Japan would rise up against the west and liberate Asia from the oppression of the western lands. In any event, the key thing to be taken away from this paper is that "universalistic (western) civilization" was a concept that Asian nations embraced, at least in part, because it meant that they would be able to use the ideas of the west to arm themselves.

From the Paper
The Uneasy Relationship between Notions of a Universal Modern Civilization and Particularist Nationalism In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was commonplace to think that "civilization" in its most desirable form was western civilization; in other words, a civilized culture was one that bore the features or the imprimatur of western influence. Despite this, many of the Asian elites who championed the cause of civilization were actually staunch nationalists - even jingoists and racists. The following paper will examine the relationship between claims of a universalistic conception of "civilization" and "particularist" nationalism and assert

Tags:particularist, universalistic, civilization

Abstract
The following paper will argue that, while there may have been a general tendency in some quarters to believe that western civilization was the apogee of "civilization" - in other words, if it was not "western" it was not truly civilized - the reality is that many Asian elites, particularly those animated by racist and highly nationalistic thoughts - were only prepared to accept Asian civilization to the extent that it benefited their nations, or the Asian peninsula, to do so. In that sense, individuals who felt threatened by the west's military and industrial prowess were selective in how they embraced the strange foreign world that came knocking loudly at Asia's door in the latter-half of the nineteenth century. The thesis outlined above will be discussed and expanded upon using the following steps. Firstly, the paper will look at the country of Korea, a struggling nation at the turn of the twentieth century that seemed to think that its salvation lay in uncritically accepting the features of western society. From there, the paper will look at Japan and then at China, two nations that were ostensibly more culturally secure (this was certainly true of Japan) and thus were disinclined to accept the notion that western civilization constituted the height of human advancement; in the case of these two nations, the west was most likely only useful (this seems to be especially true in the case of Japan) to the extent that it offered an entree into technological ideas that would allow these nations to become more powerful and more secure.

From the Paper
Civilization, Racism and Colonialism: The Tense Relationship between Asian Nationalism, Jingoism and Racism and "Universalistic" Conceptions of Civilization The following paper will argue that, while there may have been a general tendency in some quarters to believe that western civilization was the apogee of "civilization" - in other words, if it was not "western" it was not truly civilized - the reality is that many Asian elites, particularly those animated by racist and highly nationalistic thoughts - were only prepared to accept Asian civilization to the extent that it benefited their nations, or the Asian peninsula, to do so. In that sense,

Tags:civilization, jingoism, asia

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Aldous Huxley's dystopia, 'Brave New World', shows citizens of a "civilized" world ruled by science and equality. The writer points out that they have lost all ideas of virtue and hardship to which we, in this modern world, have grown accustomed. The writer discusses that Mond and Savage, two characters in this dystopia, come forward as the representatives of extremely differing opinions. They argue back and forth about the non-existence of God in the world state and the extreme ease of civilized life. The writer notes that this debate between Mond and Savage not only shows the difference between what John Savage calls the "brave new world" and the world of olden days, which remains in the savage reservations, but also the transformation to a easy, happy equal and ultimately scientific world which we are currently living through in our own lives.

From the Paper
"In the end, Savage wins the battle but losses the war. He himself refuses to fall in line with this mind control and propaganda that Mond tries to drill into him. In a triumphant last stand, Savage rejects the scientific stability that exists in the "civilized" world. However, there is no way that he can change "civilization." He goes off and lives by himself, trying to get away from "civilized" life but it is no use. "Civilization" hunts John Savage down, and like the ending so many of the Shakespearian tragedies that he loves, he commits suicide. Savage would rather die than live near the "civilized" world. The idea of science and equality seems to be a major theme in not only Brave New World, but also in several other utopian novels."

Tags:God, society, scientific, stability, utopia

Abstract
This paper considers different views about what makes a civil society and civilzed behavior. In particular, the paper discusses what the role of a civil society is according to political thinkers John Locke, Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx.

From the Paper
"Of his major concerns, Locke reasoned that men in their natural condition were "free, equal, and independent." It was not a matter of their thinking themselves independent, for property was a physical relationship to external nature, and it was within the limits provided by this physical relationship that each individual could equally find room or space to exercise his freedom independently of other men. By being masters of themselves and proprietors of their own actions and labor, men had in themselves a great foundation of property and independence. "Every man has property of his own person," Locke reasoned. "This nobody has any right to but himself. The labour of his body and the work of his hands are properly his. Whatsoever then he removes out of the State that Nature hath provided and left it in mixed his labour with, and joined to do it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property." At the level of subject matter, civil societies consisted of individuals who acquired by their physical actions something as their own, which was distant and separate from what other individuals had."

Tags:meaning, purpose, accomplish, way, life, political, systems, structure, mandate, standards

Abstract
The paper discusses how by the sixth century, the collapse of the Roman Empire was a well-established fact; as well, civilization had reached a low point insofar as cities had become depopulated and society had become rural and decentralized. With this in mind, the paper explores the factors and forces that allowed a new civilization in the west to arise; beyond that, this paper explores the stages or phases of its growth and development. Ultimately, the paper shows how while many factors led to the re-ascent of western civilization after the fall of Rome, it looks as though the Christian Church and a few capable leaders who still valued the transmission and protection of knowledge and civilized behaviour (Justinian being foremost among them) sowed the seeds for a new civilization to arise.

From the Paper
"By the sixth century, the collapse of the Roman Empire was a well-established fact; as well, civilization had reached a low point insofar as cities had become depopulated and society had become rural and decentralized. With this in mind, the next several pages will explore the factors and forces that allowed a new civilization in the west to arise; beyond that, this paper will explore the stages or phases of its growth and development. Ultimately, while many factors led to the re-ascent of western civilization after the fall of Rome, it looks as though the Christian Church and a few capable leaders who still valued the..."

Tags:collapse, post, roman, civilization

Abstract
This paper discusses how Freud's theories about the mind, repression and aggression, dreams and civilization are reflected in his work, "Civilization and Its Discontents", originally published in 1929-30. The paper shows that the central theme of Freud's work is that without repression of the instincts there would be no civilization. Freud describes how, as human-kind moves historically from cave man to modern times, in order for them to survive in groups and communities, they have to learn to cooperate with each other. The paper describes how this evolving cooperation offers humans securities needed for survival, but it also causes them to repress or bury inside themselves many natural tendencies. This repression creates a tension between the inner self, or the subconscious and the outer world. The paper explains how, in "Civilization and Its Discontents" Freud further develops his theory, demonstrating how the subconscious mind, with it's three divisions - id, ego and super-ego - is in continual conflict, or discontent, with civilized society.

From the Paper
"A main area of repression of instinct that causes one of the strongest conflicts with civilization is sex. According to Freud, man's main purpose in life is to seek happiness and the repression of his sexual instincts, as required by civilization, severely limits his opportunity to find pleasure and satisfaction in sexuality. Civilization demands that man not rush out in cave-man fashion to gratify his sexual instinct wherever and whenever the urge strikes. Rather, monogamous relationships established more for the purpose of propagating the race than for offering sexual pleasure are encouraged, and non-heterosexual urges are strongly discouraged (Freud 60-61)."

Tags:psychoanalysis, sexual, subconscious

Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Inventing Western Civilization", in which author Thomas Patterson views civilization as an elitist concept that has been used politically, culturally and socially to manipulate the masses. The author explains Patterson's thesis that the West differs from all other civilizations due to its overwhelming impact on virtually all other cultures, including its role in introducing modernization and industrialization. This paper also discusses how Patterson explores the development of social classes and the alienation of the "other". Throughout the paper, Patterson's ideas are compared to numerous scholars and philosophers including John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Sigmund Freud. The author concludes by concurring with Patterson that an international order based on civilizations is the surest safeguard against world war, but noting that this idealistic concept is not borne out in reality.

From the Paper
"Patterson demonstrates how classism, sexism, and racism were as integral to the appearance of "civilized" society in Western Europe as inequality and alienation. He further explores the issue of how civilization, and the process of "being civilized" has been frequently linked to the rise of capitalism in Western Europe, the development of social classes, and the creation of "others" who are distinguished by their socially constructed appearances, behaviors, or essences.
Patterson accordingly believes that every civilization or group at one time or another has considered itself to be God's "chosen" people. For example, The Incas, who Patterson studied for most of his career as an anthropologist, believed that they were the only true humans. This is the type of elitist thought he attributes to all civilizations, both past and present. Thus in Patterson's view, the greatest threat to society is a global clash between Civilization and barbarism."

Tags:John, Locke, Jean-Jacques, Rousseau, Sigmund, Freud, international, order, civilized, social, classes, industrialization, modernization, West, Western

Abstract
This freshman paper shows how American civilization is probably the world's most peculiar civilization. As it came to replace the indigenous civilization of the native Indians, it also laid the foundations of a culture that was a mixture of several European cultures and trends. The following paper discusses the culture, influence of European colonialism, African migrants and the native Americans with respect to its development into a civilization.

Tags:ARCHITECTURE / CONTEMPORARY AND HISTORICAL STUDIES, origins american civilization

Abstract
This paper discusses the origin, extent and end of civil government and compares the views of Aristotle, John Locke, and Montesquieu on why we need civil government, what that civil government should be, and what that civil government does for us. The first part of the paper is very specific in describing what each philosopher thinks of the origin, extent, and end of civil government. The end examines the extent to which our Constitution was found on the political philosophies of the liberals.

From the paper:

?Nearly 2000 years elapsed between the time that Aristotle expressed his theories on political philosophy and the time that Locke and Montesquieu expressed theirs, this accounts for many of the differences in their thinking. Aristotle wrote his philosophy from an ancient point of view and when Hobbes came along during the Enlightenment, he changed political philosophy forever. Hobbes influenced both Locke and Montesquieu this is probably why they both differ so much from Aristotle. The liberals, as Locke and Montesquieu were, hold in common one fundamental premise: the freedom and equality of human beings. This is why they back away from Aristotle?s emphasis on virtue. Aristotle spends much of ?The Politics? discussing regime, while Locke and Montesquieu are simply more concerned with establishing some for of civil government.?

Tags:aristotle, based, civil, compare, constiution, end, enlightenment, extent, founded, government, john, law, locke, montesquieu, philosophers, politics, principle, regime, second, treatise