Abstract
This paper explains that civilians no longer are excluded from military operations. The author describes two categories of civilians: employees who are directly employed by the U.S. military and the contractors who are not directly employed. The paper reports that the increasing number of civilians involved in military operations can be attributed to deep military budget cuts, the privatization of functions that can be done outside the military and a growing reliance on contractors to maintain sophisticated weapons.

From the Paper
"The civilian employees are directly employed by the U.S. Military and in this case, the military have control over the detailed physical performance of civilian employees. Civilian employees are under the command of a military commander which supervises, controls and disciplines these civilian employees. Civilian employees sometimes work in key areas of the military such as weapons and systems maintenance, logistics and intelligence and often form an integral part of the Department of Defense."

Tags:protocol maintenance intelligence, emergency essential, peacekeeping

Abstract
This paper examines the future of civilian space flight in the wake of the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986 and NASA's opposition to civilian flight.

Tags:future, civilian, space

Abstract
This paper provides a proposal for a training program that will enhance the capability of civilian peacekeepers attached to peacekeeping organizations in doing their jobs despite their multicultural origins. It discusses the necessary tools and techniques that the civilian peacekeepers will need to be able to deploy in any conflict anytime and anywhere in the world at a moments notice.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Basic Communication, Conflict Resolution and Negotiating Skills
Basic Communication Skills
Conflict Resolution Skills
Negotiating Skills
Techniques of Motivation
Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor
Two-factor Theory of Frederick Herzberg
David McClelland's Theory of Needs
Individual Decision Making and Group Behavior
Iindividual Decision Making
Group Behavior
Leadership Training for Supervisors in Peacekeeping Organizations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The turmoil in different regions of the world is already a reality and these conflicts look as if they are here to stay - and possibly become bigger or spin off into smaller ones. Indeed, there is a continuing need for peacekeepers, especially civilian peacekeepers since the military forces around the world do not have enough trained military peacekeepers to fill every conceivable need. Peacekeepers represent the country they come from and the organization they are attached to; their presence is first and foremost to help a mission area recover from the trauma of conflict. They should be well trained and ready at all times to answer the call but training and willingness is not enough. They need to live by a certain code of conduct that will differentiate them from ordinary relief volunteers."

Tags:communication, conflict, negotiation, motivation

Abstract
The paper discusses how in recent years the military has been reduced in numbers and funding. These changes have made it necessary to increase the use of civilian contractors during times of war. The paper explains that they provide contract labor in areas that require special handling and when the project or job is over they leave without retirement pay or other benefits. The paper describes how contractors provide technical expertise and support where the logistical decisions can mean life or death on the battlefield of war. The paper concludes that with the reduction of funding and troops in the military, the use of civilian contractors is the prudent and cost effective way to maintain military strength without having to increase the cost of the military.

From the Paper
"They provide expertise with a focus on technology, as well as a cost reduction for the United States Armed Service Corps. Contractors are paid by the job which relieves the government of responsibility for their retirement pension fund, vacation or sick pay and other things that are typically provided in a traditional military or private sector job.
Another element to increased civilian contract use is the need for military personnel in other operations. The use of civilian contractors frees up military personnel for other operations while not reducing the work or coverage in the areas that the civilians work with."

Tags:army, personnel, technical, military

Abstract
This paper defines the roles of the Army's Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) which hires private civilian contractors to provide supplies and services to American soldiers. It also explores the Government Accountability Office (GAO) which asseses the federal programs to see if money is being spent in a wise fashion. The paper, through statistics and research, tries to determine whether the American taxpayers are getting their money's worth from the contractors who are supplying and servicing American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan.

From the Paper
"Going way back to 1997 and the U.S. military involvement in Bosnia, the same problem (lack of accountability and oversight) was apparent, according to the GAO "Report Abstract" issued on February 11, 1997. "The Army lacks basic financial systems to track how contractor funds are being spent and contractor monitoring systems to evaluate contractor performance," the report states. Civilian contractors were used "extensively in the Korean and Vietnam Wars... [and] in the case of Bosnia, the Army's latest estimate for contractor support has risen to $461.5 million - about $111 million more than the Army's original estimate." The GAO also criticizes the "unnecessary overhead costs and duplication resulting from the Navy and the Air Force introducing similar support contract programs.""

Tags:soldier, war, economy, budget, tax, payer

Abstract
This paper describes some of the horrific radiation experiments the U.S. government performed on members of its Armed Forces, private civilians, and animals in the name of research and science. The paper asserts that the government was not ignorant as to the effects of these experiments and that it continues to perform different, but equally hazardous, experiments on military personnel, as evidenced by the high rate of unexplained illnesses and diseases in soldiers returning from their tours of duty overseas.

From the Paper
"Today it seems almost inconceivable --if not patently paranoid-- to think that less than fifty years ago Americans would have sat passively by while the government tested high levels of radiation on the captive population. Would we have really bought a line saying that it was safe to be downwind of nuclear explosions? Would we really have put up with government sponsored radiation tests run on the most vulnerable members of society? Unfortunately, the answer is yes. Despite the fact that even back then any cautious look at the evidence would have demonstrated the risks of radiation, the very people with whom we entrust our daily survival -- doctors, scientists, and the elected government itself -- intentionally deceived the American public about the risks of radioactivity and the exposure rates which they would be experiencing."

Tags:casualties, nuclear, weapons, tests, medical, experimentation, atomic, cancer, degenerative, disease

Abstract
This paper discusses civil-military relations in a state. The discusses the importance of the involvement of the military, particularly in countries undergoing transition to democracy and looks at the challenges that it can pose on the state. The paper also discusses ways in which military can come into conflict with the civilians and provides examples from history.

From the Paper
"As the result of this, the public became increasingly agitated and Musharraf became a highly unpopular figure in the country. He finally resigned in 2008 under immense pressure from the newly elected government and the public. Maria Susana Ricci and J. Samuel Fitch are right when they say, "military government is a contradiction in terms; the armed forces cannot govern without subverting their own essence." Realizing the mistakes they have made, they try to exit hastily as not to do any more damage to the country. This cannot be said of Pakistan though where the transition has been going on and off for decades. The weaknesses of other institutions have given even greater strength to the army which is probably the best and most well organized institution in the country."

Tags:government, stability, developing, society

Abstract
The paper discusses the use of electronic surveillance, notably email surveillance, that is of fundamental importance within counterintelligence investigations. The paper points out the need for an explicit mention in the employer/employee contract that these sorts of measures and intrusions into personal privacy will occur routinely and without warning. The paper discusses how intelligence agencies can not maintain national security if no personal privacy is surrendered, but stresses that this privacy can only be surrendered voluntarily and under contract by intelligence officers. The paper contrasts this to ordinary civilians who must be protected by the law and investigated only when necessary.

From the Paper
"Counterintelligence, by its very nature, is designed to be intrusive. This means that, very often, it steps outside the bounds of what ordinary Americans consider to be their right to personal privacy. Essentially, when intelligence officers seek to recruit moles in foreign intelligence agencies and, to a greater extent, when individuals attempt to acquire jobs within U.S. intelligence agencies, they become subject to an intense level of scrutiny--ideally, from the perspective of the agency, the maximum amount of scrutiny they are capable of. "

Tags:national, security, counterintelligence, intrusions, email, surveillance

Abstract
The paper describes four accidents; in Flagstaff, AZ, between Huntsville and Houston, TX, in Topeka, KS and near Whittier, Alaska. The paper looks at the causes of these helicopter accidents and relates that the primary causal group for these cases is operational error.
The paper then discusses how most helicopter crashes--70 percent according to the International Helicopter Safety Team --are caused by the human element.

Outline:
Accident Occurred Sunday, June 29, 2008 in Flagstaff, AZ
Accident Occurred Sunday, June 8, 2008 Between Huntsville and Houston, TX
Accident Occurred Tuesday, June 13, 2000 in TOPEKA, KS
Accident Occurred December 3, 2007 Near Whittier, Alaska
Common Causes of Helicopter Crashes

From the Paper
"The causes of these helicopter accidents can be grouped into two causal areas: Operational error and mechanical malfunction. Within these categories, there are multiple causes. But the primary causal group for the cases we looked at is operational error. And this is not at all unusual.
"Regardless of the cause of the accident, helicopter accidents and helicopter crashes do not occur unless something goes terribly wrong, and this inevitably means that someone did something they should not have done or they failed to do something they should have done.
"Most helicopter crashes--70 percent according to the International Helicopter Safety Team --are caused by the human element. Either the pilot is poorly trained, overloaded with duties and unable to pay attention or the helicopter is poorly designed," said Rhett Flater, executive director of the American Helicopter Society International. "If you have two professionally trained pilots, both instrument-trained, on board the helicopter, the statistics have shown you dramatically increase the safety and decrease the chance of pilot error" (Peveto, 2009).
"In addition, stringent safety and maintenance requirements must be met and these helicopters must meet and be maintained at the minimum federally recommended levels."

Tags:pilot, safety, error, crash

Abstract
This paper discusses replacing signal battalion executive officers with civilian GS-13/14 personnel. The author also analyzes the function of the battalion and battalions of the future, offers a case study in Europe of a battalion structure, and suggests possible changes.