Abstract This paper examines the future of civilian space flight in the wake of the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986 and NASA's opposition to civilian flight.
Abstract This paper explains that civilians no longer are excluded from military operations. The author describes two categories of civilians: employees who are directly employed by the U.S. military and the contractors who are not directly employed. The paper reports that the increasing number of civilians involved in military operations can be attributed to deep military budget cuts, the privatization of functions that can be done outside the military and a growing reliance on contractors to maintain sophisticated weapons.
From the Paper "The civilian employees are directly employed by the U.S. Military and in this case, the military have control over the detailed physical performance of civilian employees. Civilian employees are under the command of a military commander which supervises, controls and disciplines these civilian employees. Civilian employees sometimes work in key areas of the military such as weapons and systems maintenance, logistics and intelligence and often form an integral part of the Department of Defense."
Abstract The paper discusses how in recent years the military has been reduced in numbers and funding. These changes have made it necessary to increase the use of civilian contractors during times of war. The paper explains that they provide contract labor in areas that require special handling and when the project or job is over they leave without retirement pay or other benefits. The paper describes how contractors provide technical expertise and support where the logistical decisions can mean life or death on the battlefield of war. The paper concludes that with the reduction of funding and troops in the military, the use of civilian contractors is the prudent and cost effective way to maintain military strength without having to increase the cost of the military.
From the Paper "They provide expertise with a focus on technology, as well as a cost reduction for the United States Armed Service Corps. Contractors are paid by the job which relieves the government of responsibility for their retirement pension fund, vacation or sick pay and other things that are typically provided in a traditional military or private sector job.
Another element to increased civilian contract use is the need for military personnel in other operations. The use of civilian contractors frees up military personnel for other operations while not reducing the work or coverage in the areas that the civilians work with."
Abstract This paper provides a proposal for a training program that will enhance the capability of civilian peacekeepers attached to peacekeeping organizations in doing their jobs despite their multicultural origins. It discusses the necessary tools and techniques that the civilian peacekeepers will need to be able to deploy in any conflict anytime and anywhere in the world at a moments notice.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Basic Communication, Conflict Resolution and Negotiating Skills
Basic Communication Skills
Conflict Resolution Skills
Negotiating Skills
Techniques of Motivation
Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor
Two-factor Theory of Frederick Herzberg
David McClelland's Theory of Needs
Individual Decision Making and Group Behavior
Iindividual Decision Making
Group Behavior
Leadership Training for Supervisors in Peacekeeping Organizations
Conclusion
From the Paper "The turmoil in different regions of the world is already a reality and these conflicts look as if they are here to stay - and possibly become bigger or spin off into smaller ones. Indeed, there is a continuing need for peacekeepers, especially civilian peacekeepers since the military forces around the world do not have enough trained military peacekeepers to fill every conceivable need. Peacekeepers represent the country they come from and the organization they are attached to; their presence is first and foremost to help a mission area recover from the trauma of conflict. They should be well trained and ready at all times to answer the call but training and willingness is not enough. They need to live by a certain code of conduct that will differentiate them from ordinary relief volunteers."
Abstract This paper defines the roles of the Army's Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) which hires private civilian contractors to provide supplies and services to American soldiers. It also explores the Government Accountability Office (GAO) which asseses the federal programs to see if money is being spent in a wise fashion. The paper, through statistics and research, tries to determine whether the American taxpayers are getting their money's worth from the contractors who are supplying and servicing American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan.
From the Paper "Going way back to 1997 and the U.S. military involvement in Bosnia, the same problem (lack of accountability and oversight) was apparent, according to the GAO "Report Abstract" issued on February 11, 1997. "The Army lacks basic financial systems to track how contractor funds are being spent and contractor monitoring systems to evaluate contractor performance," the report states. Civilian contractors were used "extensively in the Korean and Vietnam Wars... [and] in the case of Bosnia, the Army's latest estimate for contractor support has risen to $461.5 million - about $111 million more than the Army's original estimate." The GAO also criticizes the "unnecessary overhead costs and duplication resulting from the Navy and the Air Force introducing similar support contract programs.""
Abstract This paper examines civilian and military personnel motivation within the Department of Defense (USA). This paper examines the different factors that motivate civilian employees of the Department of Defense and their compatriots in uniform.
Abstract This paper points out that there are three underlying concepts that must be assessed in determining whether, under international law, the United States? invasion of Iraq in 2003 was legal or not. The first of these is the United Nations? principle that conflicts should not be resolved unilaterally, but rather with the consensus of that body. The second is the Geneva Conventions principle against targeting civilian populations and civilian infrastructure not justified by military objectives. The third is the necessity of an individual state to protect itself; that is, the United States.
From the Paper "Before one even begins to look at what experts in international law believe about the invasion, it is necessary to consider this: both the United Nations Charter and the Geneva Conventions protocols have been used to justify various forms of international actions in the past, so it is not possible, without the incident actually landing in an international tribunal, to definitively say that the U.S. invasion of Iraq was legal or not. All that is possible at the moment is providing the full range of expert opinions regarding the subject. Still, the main focus in determining the legality or illegality of the act must remain the United Nations. Founded in order to prevent foster nations? settling disputes without the need for force, its Charter is the foundation on which relations between sovereign states is governed. In addition, justification for the action is a proper concept to consider: the principles set forth in the United Nations Charter are imprecise, leaving room for proving that a nation's actions were consistent with the letter and spirit of the articles in question."
Tags: united, nations, state, protection, geneva, conventions, civilian
Abstract This paper examines the background behind and the Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear energy cooperation agreement and also explains how this agreement between two countries affects the relations of the two nations with the rest of the world. It looks at how the deal marks a notable warming of U.S.-India relations and how it would lift the U.S. moratorium on nuclear trade with India, provide U.S. assistance to India's civilian nuclear energy program and expand U.S.-Indian cooperation in energy and satellite technology.
From the Paper "India has adhered to a socialist-inspired approach for most of its independent history, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign trade direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. Privatization of public-owned industries and the opening of certain sectors to private and foreign players have resulted in a competition among the top most corporations in the world. India, the second largest populated country has been attracting investors from around the globe (Bullock). The race of providing better services to such a huge population has received a major boost as the increase in Indian economy has increased the purchasing capacity of an average man in India."
An analysis of the ethical standards used by "civilian" agencies, such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA).
Abstract This paper discusses the often questionable ethical standards used by "civilian" agencies, such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA). It reviews past and current NSA activities, what the NSA is legally authorized to do and what ethical issues are raised by some of the NSA activities. It also provides some information about the abuses of the civilian-focused CIA which performs military tasks.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is the National Security Archive?
What are the Duties of the NSA?
What are the Ethical Issues that Surround the NSA?
From the Paper "If the FOIA law was not in place, millions of documents - that do not place the security of the U.S. in jeopardy but that allow the public to be informed about how its tax-supported government is behaving - would be kept secret by various government agencies; and hence, the strategies and decisions which affect the American people, their jobs and their communities, would not be known. Without the FOIA, the same way totalitarian and communist governments keep information away from their citizens would be the norm here in the U.S. American is a democracy, and the FOIA assures that, to come degree at least, America is an open society and its elected officials and paid government employees can be made to be accountable."
Abstract This paper examines the perspectives of both those who believe the US decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan was the correct decision and those who believe it was not. The paper first explains the perspective of supporters of this act in Japan who argue that use of the atomic bomb hastened the end of World War Two in Asia, which saved countless military and civilian lives. The paper then examines the perspective of others who argue that if any country other than the U.S. had dropped an atomic bomb, the American government would have accused these people of war crimes. The paper also considers the argument that the bombs' destructive force could have been demonstrated without taking so many Japanese civilian lives. The writer offers a personal opinion that this was a cowardly attack, as it wiped out entire cities of people who did not have anything to do with the war. The writer concludes that the atomic bomb may have ended the war earlier than expected, but it also introduced the world to one of the most horrific methods of warfare, which is something that can never be taken back.
From the Paper "The use of atomic bombs during World War Two is one of the most debated topics in history. These types of weapons had never been used before and they were seen as being particularly brutal. When the United States decided to bomb Japan in retaliation for the attacks on Pearl Harbor, the face of warfare was changed forever. With this new method, a single bomb could wipe out an entire city, killing all of the inhabitants at once. Furthermore, those who survived the initial blast would often wish that they did not, as radiation from the bomb caused cancer in many people, killing them in the years following the war. Since this time, many different countries have successfully developed their own versions of this weapon of mass destruction, which has led to many problems all over the globe."
Tags: World, War, Two, civilians, destruction, radiation, warfare
This paper explains how the U.S. and Vietnam's misperceptions of each other affected the way they fought the war, mentioning the My Lai massacre and the affect this had on the way Vietnamese perceived the United States.
Abstract Because of the way the Americans fought this war, the Vietnamese had different perceptions or misperceptions of the United States. All of the assigned readings make this point valid. Many of the Vietnamese civilians saw the American soldiers as instruments for America's leaders wanting their war machine to defeat the North Vietnamese, not to help Vietnam, but just to win. American leaders were making their decisions by listening to certain people "who didn"t really know what they were dealing with.? This paper explains how the Americans misunderstood the Vietnamese and what went wrong when they tried to take over the fight between North and South Vietnam.
From the Paper "After reading the assigned books for this paper, I have come to the conclusion that the way the US fought this war was not very honorable. The American military leaders back in the United States did not know enough about what was really going on in Vietnam and as a direct result, they underestimated the power of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Regular Army. Herr makes this evident when he says ?there is a point of view that the United States got involved in the Vietnam War ... simply because we thought it would be easy.?1 "
Abstract This essay discusses the events that took place on March 16, 1968 in the Vietnamese village of My Lai. It explores the days prior to the massacre and what role obedience played in the actions of the American soldiers. The paper explains the results and concepts learned in psychological experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram in the "Perils of Obedience". The paper also investigates why these experiments are crucial to the understanding why these men executed hundreds of unarmed civilians.
From the Paper "The disconcerted troops, who were under the command of Lt. William Calley, entered the village ready to engage in warfare with the Vietcong. The troops were part of a "search and destroy" mission, which soon became the massacre of over 300 unarmed civilians, which included children, women, and the elderly. Lt. Calley ordered the men to enter the village firing, in spite of the fact that there were no reports of opposing fire. (My Lai Massacre)
According to eyewitness reports offered after the event, several old men were bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least one girl was raped, and then killed. For his part, Calley was said to have rounded up a group of the villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in a fury of machine gun fire. (My Lai Massacre)"
Abstract This paper examines the novel "Billy Budd" in order to compare and contrast capital punishment in military versus civilian court. A brief history of capital punishment, differences between court procedures and views on human rights in these two systems are explored. The justification for capital punishment in the book is discussed in light of the differences between the systems.
From the Paper "In Herman Melville's novel Billy Budd, Captains Vere's personal judgment and his compliance to military law killed an innocent man. Billy Budd is a novel whose central events are tied closely to capital punishment (Laskin). Capital punishment has long been popular in both the civilian and military arena. However, court proceedings and the treatment of the concept of the right of man are very different in military and civilian courts. It is the military reliance on strict procedures and indifference to the rights of man that resulted in Captain Vere's decision to sentence the innocent Billy Budd to a public execution."
Tags:civilian, rights, death, law, innocent, justice, morality, execution, kill, Vere
Examines the function of U.S. Armed Forces to provide military assistance to civilian authorities in restoring law and order in domestic civil disturbances as a last resort.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, 2002, $ 55.95
Abstract Function of U.S. Armed Forces to provide military assistance to civilian authorities in restoring law and order in domestic civil distrubances as a last resort. Legal considerations. Examines appropriateness of the military response in Los Angeles, California; its implementation, shortcomings, effective results. Socio-economic issues involved. Loss of control by LAPD.
From the Paper "MILITARY ASSISTANCE & CIVIL DISTURBANCES: LOS ANGELES RIOTS CASE
A. Identification of the Appropriate Military Response to Civil Disturbances Based on Doctrine and Which Organization Should Accomplish This Response. United States armed forces have traditionally been available to provide military assistance to civilian authorities (MACDIS or MACA) in restoring law and order in domestic civil disturbances. However, under Department of Defense (DOD) Directive Number 3025.12, 4 Feb 1994 (1994 Directive) and its 1991 predecessor, the armed forces renders MACDIS only as a last resort where its "use . . . is necessary to prevent the loss of life or wanton destruction of property, or to restore governmental functioning and public order" and when "duly constituted local authorities are unable to control the situation" (sec. 4.2.2.1). Sec. 4.1.3 provides that "the primary ..."
Abstract This paper discusses Samuel Huntington's book "The Soldier and the State", a 1950s history of the development of U.S. civil-military relations. It examines how Samuel Huntington challenges most of the old assumptions and ideas of the role of the military in society. It shows how by integrating the armed forces closely into American society, soldiers stand to benefit by constant reminders of the rule of law and the nature and imperativeness of democratic traditions and values. It evaluates how Huntington writes about a world in which both civilian and military authorities view their opposing numbers as the enemy or as people with a very different agenda and the argues that this is not the case. It shows how the agenda is the same even if the strategy differs and how both sides can learn from each other.
From the Paper "But the armed forces and the rest of our democracy are not so far apart from each other, according to Samuel Huntington. And, moreover, this is actually a good thing. The United States is not like Brazil or some other South American country where a proximity between the army and the civilian forces means that the army is in fact usurping civilian authority. This is not a case where democracy and the rule of law can be brought down to the kind of thinking where might is always right."
