Abstract
This paper examines the future of civilian space flight in the wake of the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986 and NASA's opposition to civilian flight.

Tags:future, civilian, space

Abstract
This paper provides a proposal for a training program that will enhance the capability of civilian peacekeepers attached to peacekeeping organizations in doing their jobs despite their multicultural origins. It discusses the necessary tools and techniques that the civilian peacekeepers will need to be able to deploy in any conflict anytime and anywhere in the world at a moments notice.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Basic Communication, Conflict Resolution and Negotiating Skills
Basic Communication Skills
Conflict Resolution Skills
Negotiating Skills
Techniques of Motivation
Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor
Two-factor Theory of Frederick Herzberg
David McClelland's Theory of Needs
Individual Decision Making and Group Behavior
Iindividual Decision Making
Group Behavior
Leadership Training for Supervisors in Peacekeeping Organizations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The turmoil in different regions of the world is already a reality and these conflicts look as if they are here to stay - and possibly become bigger or spin off into smaller ones. Indeed, there is a continuing need for peacekeepers, especially civilian peacekeepers since the military forces around the world do not have enough trained military peacekeepers to fill every conceivable need. Peacekeepers represent the country they come from and the organization they are attached to; their presence is first and foremost to help a mission area recover from the trauma of conflict. They should be well trained and ready at all times to answer the call but training and willingness is not enough. They need to live by a certain code of conduct that will differentiate them from ordinary relief volunteers."

Tags:communication, conflict, negotiation, motivation

Abstract
The paper discusses how in recent years the military has been reduced in numbers and funding. These changes have made it necessary to increase the use of civilian contractors during times of war. The paper explains that they provide contract labor in areas that require special handling and when the project or job is over they leave without retirement pay or other benefits. The paper describes how contractors provide technical expertise and support where the logistical decisions can mean life or death on the battlefield of war. The paper concludes that with the reduction of funding and troops in the military, the use of civilian contractors is the prudent and cost effective way to maintain military strength without having to increase the cost of the military.

From the Paper
"They provide expertise with a focus on technology, as well as a cost reduction for the United States Armed Service Corps. Contractors are paid by the job which relieves the government of responsibility for their retirement pension fund, vacation or sick pay and other things that are typically provided in a traditional military or private sector job.
Another element to increased civilian contract use is the need for military personnel in other operations. The use of civilian contractors frees up military personnel for other operations while not reducing the work or coverage in the areas that the civilians work with."

Tags:army, personnel, technical, military

Abstract
This paper defines the roles of the Army's Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) which hires private civilian contractors to provide supplies and services to American soldiers. It also explores the Government Accountability Office (GAO) which asseses the federal programs to see if money is being spent in a wise fashion. The paper, through statistics and research, tries to determine whether the American taxpayers are getting their money's worth from the contractors who are supplying and servicing American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan.

From the Paper
"Going way back to 1997 and the U.S. military involvement in Bosnia, the same problem (lack of accountability and oversight) was apparent, according to the GAO "Report Abstract" issued on February 11, 1997. "The Army lacks basic financial systems to track how contractor funds are being spent and contractor monitoring systems to evaluate contractor performance," the report states. Civilian contractors were used "extensively in the Korean and Vietnam Wars... [and] in the case of Bosnia, the Army's latest estimate for contractor support has risen to $461.5 million - about $111 million more than the Army's original estimate." The GAO also criticizes the "unnecessary overhead costs and duplication resulting from the Navy and the Air Force introducing similar support contract programs.""

Tags:soldier, war, economy, budget, tax, payer

Abstract
The paper describes four accidents; in Flagstaff, AZ, between Huntsville and Houston, TX, in Topeka, KS and near Whittier, Alaska. The paper looks at the causes of these helicopter accidents and relates that the primary causal group for these cases is operational error.
The paper then discusses how most helicopter crashes--70 percent according to the International Helicopter Safety Team --are caused by the human element.

Outline:
Accident Occurred Sunday, June 29, 2008 in Flagstaff, AZ
Accident Occurred Sunday, June 8, 2008 Between Huntsville and Houston, TX
Accident Occurred Tuesday, June 13, 2000 in TOPEKA, KS
Accident Occurred December 3, 2007 Near Whittier, Alaska
Common Causes of Helicopter Crashes

From the Paper
"The causes of these helicopter accidents can be grouped into two causal areas: Operational error and mechanical malfunction. Within these categories, there are multiple causes. But the primary causal group for the cases we looked at is operational error. And this is not at all unusual.
"Regardless of the cause of the accident, helicopter accidents and helicopter crashes do not occur unless something goes terribly wrong, and this inevitably means that someone did something they should not have done or they failed to do something they should have done.
"Most helicopter crashes--70 percent according to the International Helicopter Safety Team --are caused by the human element. Either the pilot is poorly trained, overloaded with duties and unable to pay attention or the helicopter is poorly designed," said Rhett Flater, executive director of the American Helicopter Society International. "If you have two professionally trained pilots, both instrument-trained, on board the helicopter, the statistics have shown you dramatically increase the safety and decrease the chance of pilot error" (Peveto, 2009).
"In addition, stringent safety and maintenance requirements must be met and these helicopters must meet and be maintained at the minimum federally recommended levels."

Tags:pilot, safety, error, crash

Abstract
This paper examines civilian and military personnel motivation within the Department of Defense (USA). This paper examines the different factors that motivate civilian employees of the Department of Defense and their compatriots in uniform.

Abstract
This paper discusses how, as the battle cry and war dust over Iraq have settled temporarily, it is time for the authorities to involve themselves in the massive reconstruction of the country. It tries to evaluate the factors that could encourage the potential employee to shift his location to difficult lands as part of his professional responsibilities and tries to identify measures that would encourage or motivate employees to relocate in spite of the personal problems at home. Methods that the recruiting agencies can employ to motivate unwilling employees are also be explored, and the possible outcomes of such actions also attract the attention of the paper.

From the Paper
"The military forces are unfortunately not fastidious enough as far as leadership principles are concerned, and still rely on the aged principles, which pay undue importance to ranks and hierarchy. Many experts believe that the army personnel needs to be trained by private institutions so that they could imbibe management principles that would help them to be more people oriented [Gruzdev, 2001]. This has given rise to much debate and many opine that the private institutions cannot impart training that is fit for military personnel. However, the fact must be remembered that these training sessions are provided to ensure that the army personnel learn how to deal with civilians and how to manage civilian positions immediately after a war. What the military needs to learn today is how to survive in an alien country without disturbing the social parameters of that society. The skill to lead while remaining unobtrusive is considered to be a powerful asset for military leaders."

Tags:iraq, war, military, recruitment

Abstract
This paper explains that civilians no longer are excluded from military operations. The author describes two categories of civilians: employees who are directly employed by the U.S. military and the contractors who are not directly employed. The paper reports that the increasing number of civilians involved in military operations can be attributed to deep military budget cuts, the privatization of functions that can be done outside the military and a growing reliance on contractors to maintain sophisticated weapons.

From the Paper
"The civilian employees are directly employed by the U.S. Military and in this case, the military have control over the detailed physical performance of civilian employees. Civilian employees are under the command of a military commander which supervises, controls and disciplines these civilian employees. Civilian employees sometimes work in key areas of the military such as weapons and systems maintenance, logistics and intelligence and often form an integral part of the Department of Defense."

Tags:protocol maintenance intelligence, emergency essential, peacekeeping

Abstract
This paper discusses the often questionable ethical standards used by "civilian" agencies, such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA). It reviews past and current NSA activities, what the NSA is legally authorized to do and what ethical issues are raised by some of the NSA activities. It also provides some information about the abuses of the civilian-focused CIA which performs military tasks.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is the National Security Archive?
What are the Duties of the NSA?
What are the Ethical Issues that Surround the NSA?

From the Paper
"If the FOIA law was not in place, millions of documents - that do not place the security of the U.S. in jeopardy but that allow the public to be informed about how its tax-supported government is behaving - would be kept secret by various government agencies; and hence, the strategies and decisions which affect the American people, their jobs and their communities, would not be known. Without the FOIA, the same way totalitarian and communist governments keep information away from their citizens would be the norm here in the U.S. American is a democracy, and the FOIA assures that, to come degree at least, America is an open society and its elected officials and paid government employees can be made to be accountable."

Tags:government, FOIA, congress

Abstract
This paper examines the background behind and the Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear energy cooperation agreement and also explains how this agreement between two countries affects the relations of the two nations with the rest of the world. It looks at how the deal marks a notable warming of U.S.-India relations and how it would lift the U.S. moratorium on nuclear trade with India, provide U.S. assistance to India's civilian nuclear energy program and expand U.S.-Indian cooperation in energy and satellite technology.

From the Paper
"India has adhered to a socialist-inspired approach for most of its independent history, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign trade direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. Privatization of public-owned industries and the opening of certain sectors to private and foreign players have resulted in a competition among the top most corporations in the world. India, the second largest populated country has been attracting investors from around the globe (Bullock). The race of providing better services to such a huge population has received a major boost as the increase in Indian economy has increased the purchasing capacity of an average man in India."

Tags:privatization, foreign, trade, satellite, technology, nuclear