Abstract Soil has long been deemed important by agricultural concerns, however, it was only within the last 150 years that rail travel and, later, large-scale civic works made the study of soil important to civilengineers. The paper shows that the sub-study of civilengineering that is dedicated to the study of soil is more commonly known as soil mechanics. This field is used to assess the soil topography of land before major public or private construction projections are created.
From the Paper "The five main types of soil particles that are encountered by civil engineers include (in order of particle size) boulders, gravel, sand, silt cohesive, and clay. Boulders are the largest elements in soil and usually present a problem to civil engineers, but may be used in a place where the soil is otherwise soft to form a foundation upon which to build a road or other civic work. Historically, boulders were used for this purpose before it was cost-effective to introduce other materials. There are cost efficiencies in the use of boulders: they can often be found where bedrock is not near the surface of the earth, such as in the great lakes region where they were deposited during the last ice age."
Tags: mechanical, properties, Direct, Shear, Bearing, Ratio
Abstract This paper is an examination of the education and career options available for the civilengineering student. It identifies the six general categories of civilengineering study and practice. It includes salary and job outlook information for graduates of two-year and four-year programs.
Abstract The paper reviews the growth of civilengineering principles from the 19th century into 20th century business practices. The writer details the history of Colorado River flooding, and shows why there was a need to dam the river. The writer examines the players in the planning and bidding for the project, and explains how they successfully landed one of the largest construction contracts of the era. The paper describes the complex architectural and building challenges of the project. The writer concludes that the Hoover Dam, as an attempt by man to control the forces of nature, epitomizes the spirit of civilengineering in modern America.
From the Paper "What makes Hoover Dam such an important milestone in dam construction and Civil Engineering's part in it? "The beginning of the Boulder Canyon project in 1930 with (now) Hoover Dam as its principal feature marked a significant advance in engineering for dams. The whole project was distinguished by extraordinary planning and achievement. The various phases of investigation, planning and design of this multiple-purpose project transcended all previous efforts." [6] The massive size and great height of Hoover Dam exceeded all past conceptions for dam design. Large-scale generation of hydroelectric power for general industrial and public use at places far removed from the project area was included as a major feature of the project plan."
Abstract This paper discusses civilengineering technology. It talks specifically about the majors, degrees and the job opportunities available to graduates. It gives job descriptions, salaries and an overall outlook of the nature of work.
Abstract In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at the history of engineering education and the ways that engineering, and engineering schools, continue to improve life. The author investigates why engineering schools began to assume greater importance in the second half of the 19th century in the United States and considers the historical context of engineering and engineering education.
From the paper:
?As people's understanding of the ways in which the physical world is constructed increased over time, engineering developed a number of subfields that addressed the various problems inherent in different materials and different applications. Thus developed the traditional four primary engineering subdivisions: civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical. Over time specific educational programs would develop to train engineers in each of these subfields.?
Tags: Centennial, Exposition, Frederick, Remsen, American, Civil, War, Technology, Industrial, Revolution, Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical
Abstract This paper explains that smart materials are devices, which can sense various stimuli from outer environment such as thermal, electrical and magnetic changes and can respond accordingly; basically, they are materials that sense and respond like living things. The author points out that two families of passive seismic control devices exploiting the peculiar properties of SMA kernel components have been implemented and tested within the MANSIDE project (Memory Alloys for New Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation Devices: Special braces for framed structures and isolation devices for buildings and bridges. The paper states that, with these smart materials, engineers are able to build the best and safest structures where possible catastrophic changes in the environment are sensed and precautions are taken directly. 10 figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is a Smart Material?
Types of Smart Materials
Classification Based on Input
Electrical Fields
Thermal Fields
Magnetic Fields
Comparison Based on Output
Strain
Changes in Other Properties
Applications
In CivilEngineering Uses of Shape Memory Alloys
Smart Concrete
In Other Areas
Conclusion
From the Paper "The first experimental demonstration of the piezoelectric properties in relation to crystal structure was published in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie. This effect was considered quite important and was referred to as "piezoelectricity" in order to distinguish it from other areas of scientific phenomenological experience such as "pyroelectricity" (electricity generated from crystals by heating). As an aside, piezoelectrics also tend to be pyroelectrics. The Curie brothers did not predict that crystals exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (electricity from applied stress) would also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect (stress in response to applied electric field). This property was mathematically deduced and hypothesized by Lippmann in 1881. The Curies then confirmed the existence of the converse effect, and continued on to obtain quantitative proof of the complete reversibility of mechanical deformations in piezoelectric crystals."
This paper examines civilengineering education and professionalism: Education, ethics, professionalism, aesthetics, budgeting and role in rebuilding Kuwait.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, 1991, $ 47.95
From the Paper "This study will examine civil engineering education and professionalism for the purpose of making civil engineering more accessible and significant from the viewpoint of those not familiar with the field or its practitioners.
An event which has thrust civil engineering into the headlines around the world is the Persian Gulf War and the destruction carried out by Iraqi soldiers in Kuwait. Specifically, the issue involves the role of civil engineers in rebuilding Kuwait after that destruction.
A number of reports indicate that civil engineers--both military and civilian--are spending much of their energies and expertise on rebuilding a palace for the emir of Kuwait and putting less work into rebuilding the basic systems for sustaining the lives of ordinary citizens."
Abstract This paper provides an insight into aerospace engineering, the flight of vehicles in space, beyond the earth's atmosphere which includes the study and development of rocket engines, artificial satellites and spacecraft. It examines the plethora of purposes that it serves with earthbound vehicles and household supplies and discusses the various tasks that an aerospace engineer team performs. It looks at the future of aerospace engineering including education, new products and challenges to the aerospace engineering program in the United States.
Outline
Introduction
Definition of Aerospace Engineering Plethora of Purposes
Earthbound Vehicles
Household Products
Tasks that an Aerospace Engineer Performs
The Engineer The Scientist
The Technician
The Future of Aerospace Engineering Education
New Products
Challenges to Aerospace Engineering Conclusion
From the Paper "The engineer can serve of to twelve different purposes. For this discussion we will only focus on four of these purposes including; analytical, computational fluid dynamics, design, and systems software. Analytical engineering involves the combination of math and rudimentary engineering practices. The computational fluid dynamics engineering implements the use of high speed computers to solve complex nonlinear equations which govern fluid motion. ("Education") Design engineering determines the arrangement, function and structure of a component or the entire design of a vehicle. ("Education") Finally, systems software engineering involves performing the proper analysis of the system."
Tags: artificial, satellites, rocket, engines, space
Abstract This paper relates that the Professional Engineers' Code of Ethics covers the basic requirements for the engineer in terms of ethics,. The author points out that the code shows that the engineer should show ethical behavior to his or her associates, employers, clients, subordinates, and employees, which includes the public in its broadest application. This paper notes that the code cites the need for he engineer not only to be competent but to keep up with new developments in the field and so to pursue ongoing education in this field in order to have that necessary knowledge.
From the Paper "The engineer has a number of levels of responsibility and may have to balance those based on which are more important. His or her primary responsibility is to the professional code of ethics, which in turn is based on the view that the profession owes a responsibility to society and must place this responsibility first. In the case of a project being paid for by the taxpayer, the engineer owes it to society to assure that the costs are not excessive and that the project that is being done has a good chance of success at the price being paid. There are a number of different rationales offered for why engineers have particular obligations to serve the interests of the public and to especially work to maintain safety as part of their public trust."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the influence that electronics have had on the development of the diesel engine. According to this paper, it is the development and efficiency of the electronic diesel engine that has helped the diesel engine remain popular.
From the Paper "The history of the electronic diesel engine is really the history of the development of the diesel engine as engineers and scientists have continued to push the late 19th century invention towards higher efficiency and reduced emissions. The electronic element of the diesel is a relatively recent addition of late 20th century technology that permits diesel engines to operate more efficiently under a wider range of environmental conditions. This has helped the diesel engine remain in use despite popular opinion that it is an outdated variation of the internal combustion engine. In fact, electronic diesel engines have become so efficient that many have begun once more to consider the electronic diesel engine as an "alternative" technology for the future of transportation (Doherty 47). To understand the history of the electronic diesel engine, we must travel back to the beginning of the diesel engine itself."
Abstract This paper explores how gender roles have eroded significantly in the last few decades giving women more opportunities to succeed in a wider range of careers. In particular, the paper focuses on engineering. The writer describes the "glass ceiling" and how that is also changing. Also considered are differing views regarding women specifically in engineering. The writer concludes that although women lag behind men in terms of numbers in the engineering, this is likely to change, as more women graduate with advanced degrees in this field.
From the Paper "According to an interview with Dr. Hayden, a female electrical engineer professor at Cal Poly Pamona, both women and men face challenges in the engineering field. Although she was once encouraged to "try another, more female field" she was able to succeed in her field, despite being a female. She does admit that women have faced hardships in their pursuit of successful engineering careers, but "for every negative experience..I have had many more positive experiences". According to Dr. Hayden, the hardships are part of the learning process."
Abstract The paper explores the dangers of genetically engineered food products in the marketplace. It traces activities of anti-genetic engineering groups and their relationship with biotech corporations. Legal and political implications of the industry are also studied.
From the Paper "The new biotechnology of genetic engineering initiates thoughts of a glow in the dark bunny, plants that eat poison, plants that contain pesticides and some medicines. New cures for diseases or solutions to problems that plague the world, such as starvation, are the promises made by the many supporters of this technology. However, many people are skeptical, because they know little of the potential side effects it may have on the people who eat or use the genetically modified products. An article printed in the Christian Science Monitor entitled "Europe Invites Biotech Debate" by Peter Ford on September 11, 2001, explains the position of the public and the European Commission concerning genetically modified products while keeping his view of the issue from influencing the way that he writes. Karen Charman, on the other hand, lets her views of government control give her a clear agenda as to how she states the United States? position in this debate in her article, ?Spinning Science into Gold.? Comparing the biotech issues between ?Spinning Science into Gold,? and ?Europe Invites Biotech Debate,? one sees that, unlike European nations, corporations in the United States maintain exclusive control over genetically engineered products. Clearly there is a need for government intervention to regulate corporations."
Abstract This paper argues for the rights of consumers to know which food products they purchase have been genetically engineered. The writer first explains this concept and examines the potential health hazards that people are afraid of when buying such foods. It also looks at opinion of the food producer who is against such labeling due to unbiased fears amongst the consumer population. The paper also addresses the benefits of bio-engineering in certain fields which helps the production process of many food-groups.
From the Paper "In the twenty-first century, with all the pressing issues at hand, there is bound to be controversy and disagreement. There are many important issues, which face the world today, issues like abortion, the death penalty, gun control, censorship, women in combat and even genetically engineered food. With all the modern scientific advances we are making now, especially in the United States there are positive effects as well as negative effects. Genetically engineered foods are very controversial because there are just as many experts who say they are safe as there are experts who say they are unsafe. In the United States about two thirds of all produce on supermarket shelves is genetically engineered; now the problem we, as a nation, face is awareness. Our most relevant issue is whether it should be required to label these unnatural, possibly unsafe foods. And, the answer is yes; the public has a right to know what they are eating and choose whether they want to eat genetically engineered foods, mainly produce."
Abstract This paper examines the use of criminal law for purposes of social engineering. The point is made that criminal law can be used as a tool for social engineering via its prohibitions and the punishments, and can operate to instill virtues. It notes that there are serious ethical and moral concerns associated with this use of the criminal law.
From the Paper "Social engineering is commonly defined as the use of private and or governmental functions and operations to manage population attitudes and behavior on a large scale..."
