Abstract
The paper provides a comparison between the Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon that reveals the classical influence of Athenian architecture on the Romans. The paper shows how the primary architecture of the Parthenon reveals a wide variety of religious and civic functions, which were very similar to those of the Roman Pantheon. The paper explains that although the Greeks were thought to have used the Parthenon as a treasury, the primary function of these buildings was to create a cultural epicenter for religion, as well as a democratic location for civil engagements.

Tags:rome, style, construction

Abstract
The Parthenon (447-32 BCE) was a crowning glory of Athenian civilization of the classical era and, what is more important, it was intended as such at the time. Thus, nearly 2,500 years later, it is possible to view the building as incorporating all of what the Athenians saw as beautiful, sacred and of civic importance in architecture. The paper shows that as its overwhelming position and the nature of its sculptural decoration make clear, it was the focal point of the religious-civic identity of the Athenian polis. The paper describes how the Parthenon housed the great statue of Athena Parthenos, was the main building in the complex of temples dedicated to the gods on the sacred rock of the Acropolis, depicted some version of the most important Athenian religious ceremony (the Panathenaic procession and festival) and loomed over the city as a reminder and a promise of Athenian greatness.

From the Paper
"But there was also a contradiction in being expected to achieve the perfection of the Doric order on a much larger scale, for which adjustments had to be made to the greater number of columns. As Boardman points out, however, the wider facades lent the building a "reassuring breadth which is enhanced by the way its proportions then seem to match those" of the Acropolis on which it stands (112). But this breadth might have been oppressive in its effects if the architects had not devised a means of avoiding too great a visual equivalence between the rock and the temple. Their solution was a very subtle curvature of the stylobate, and the rest of the floor, which is also reflected in the entablature. This also affects the columns which "lean slightly in while the upperworks [that they support] lean slightly out" (Boardman 112). This gives the entire facade a "pyramiding movement" to which all the external lines contribute; ever so subtly, therefore, the columns' inward inclination lends itself to a slight triangular effect that is enhanced by the surmounting pyramid of the pediment (Martin 292)."

Tags:Piraeus, Phidias, Iktinos, Kallikrates

Abstract
This paper compares the Classical or "neoclassical style" of the 17th century and the Romantic style of the 19th century. The paper explains that with the reliance on Greek architecture to provide a more republican ideology, Europeans relied on large-scale civic works like the Vilnius Cathedral and Soufflot's Pantheon to emulate a desire to a return to classical times.

From the Paper
"This study will analyze the Romantic and Classical movement of the 18th century as an predecessor to the growing ergonomic functionalism of architecture into the industrial 19th century. By understanding the premise that "form follows function", the primary evolution of European and American architecture from classicism was eventually changed over into the even more ergonomic function of industrial buildings of the late and early twentieth century. By understanding the influence of industrialization on 19th century romantic and classical architecture,..."

Tags:romantic, classical, modern

Abstract
This essay explores the architectural spatial codes of Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto. It focuses on who the square was designed to be used by and what the space is currently used for. The essay also discusses if the square's significance has changed over the years and if it now or ever really served the citizenry of Toronto.

From the Paper
"Spatial and Architectural Codes of Nathan Phillips Square Nathan Phillips Square was envisioned and designed in conjunction with the Toronto City Hall buildings, and is located directly in front of and south of City Hall at the northwest corner of Bay and Queen Street ("Viljo Revell" n.p.). Opened in 1965, Nathan Phillips Square was named in honour of Nathan Phillips who served as mayor from 1955 to 1962 ("Toronto City Hall Tour" n.p.). The space consists of a large open area containing a reflecting pool that transforms to a skating rink in winter, a large ramp leading to the second level demonstration gardens of City Hall, Peace Garden, sculptures, and a speakers' corner podium.

Tags:civic, space, toronto

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Greek and Roman Revival in public buildings, its background, history and development, and to provide an understanding of why it was appropriate for the time and how its popularity has waned and has given way to more egalitarian and user-friendly civic buildings.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Greek and Roman Revival in public buildings, its background, history and development, and to provide an understanding of why it was appropriate for the time, but its popularity has waned, and it has given way to more egalitarian and user-friendly civic buildings. During the 20th century, architects were very much on the lookout for the next new thing. This was a period of great change and advancement in society..."

Tags:greek revival, roman revival, neoclassicism, civic architecture

Abstract
The following paper reviews the architecture of London and Paris during the period stretching from AD 1400 to 2000. The paper explores the similarities and differences between the two cities as it pertains to architecture; suffice it to say, while there are general similarities there are many more differences, and the paper explores how architectural divergences explain the differences in atmosphere and appearances between the two metropolises. At the same time the paper considers the differing architectural styles that distinguish the two world class cities.

Tags:paris, london, architecture

Abstract
This paper looks back and review the semiotics of the interior of a major civic space - the Art Gallery of Ontario. This paper briefly analyses the semiotics of this civic space, from foyer to galleries and takes a look at how people are encouraged to interact with the space, works of art and each other.

Tags:semiotics, civic, building

Abstract
This paper explains how Wright was a highly innovative influence on modern architecture. It examines how his designs were influenced by current day events as well as by his travels to Europe and Japan. In particular, it describes the Robie House, Prairie style homes, Taliesin, Imperial Hotel, Hollyhock House, Fallingwater, Marin County Civic Center, and Guggenheim Museum.

From the Paper
"In 1911, Wright moved to Wisconsin and built a home for himself and his mistress that he named Taliesin. In the architectural design for Taliesin, Wright included concepts from organic architecture. Organic architecture is a type of architecture that promotes harmony between man and nature through design. Organic architectural designs integrate the building and its furnishings into its surroundings. Wright accomplished this at Taliesin by constructing the chimneys and stone piers out of a local limestone which was laid by stonemasons in the house in a way that reflected the outcroppings of Wisconsin's landscape. Wright also used sand from the Wisconsin River in the house's stucco walls to bring to mind the river's sandbars."

Tags:guggenheim, taliesin, fallingwater

Abstract
This paper represents a proposal for research concerning issues to be addressed in the current re-design process for Nathan Phillips Square, the setting for Toronto's City Hall and an iconic work of modern urban architecture. The paper points out that this redesign process is in response to a consensus that has been reached by city politicians and leading civic officials that the existing design of the square was not only flawed in its multiple revisions over time since the original construction, but also no longer reflects the urban vision of 21st century Toronto. The paper concludes that qualitative research methods used to gain insights into the views of neighbours of the space towards the redesign project would be invaluable in determining who would be likely users of the space, how should it operate within the Toronto community, and the most important design elements of the project.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methods
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is clear that in carrying out this research into the redesign of Nathan Phillips Square it would be necessary to consult with a diverse range of stakeholders. One major insight from the literature review is that often one research method is inadequate to fully explore all of the issues involved in a project as complex and politically and socially sensitive as the redesign of Toronto's icon Nathan Phillips Square. Three methods would be particularly effective given the nature of the project: ethnographic/participant analysis, qualitative interviewing, and focus groups."

Tags:urban, architecture, design, public, construction

Abstract
This paper explains that the evolution of theater in Greece may be linked directly to the festivals of Dionysus, the Grecian god of wine and misrule. The author points out that Greek theaters, including the theater of Dionysus, were not free-standing works of architecture, but rather they were built into hills in amphitheater forms. The theaters of Lycurgus replaced the original wood of the Dionysus theater with stone, reaffirming the importance of theater in the city of Athens' civic and religious life, which continued well into Hellenistic times, culminating in the Romans' added changes to the structure and including the addition of the Bema.

Table of Contents
History of Theater in Ancient Greece
Architecture of Greek Theaters
Parodos
Bema of Phaidros
The Central Section
Marble Throne of the Priest of Dionysus Eleutherios and Other Priests' Seats
Skene
The Stoa on the South Side of Skene

From the Paper
"The parodos of the Theater of Dionysus was a gangway leading into the orchestra over which chorus and actors made their entrances. There are two parodoi, one on each side of the orchestra. Parodos was also the name of the song chanted by the chorus as they entered the orchestra at the beginning of the play. This is another indication of the fusion of the role of ritual, the role of the chorus, and the role of architecture in early Greek theater."

Tags:parodo, bema, lycurgus, priest, chorus