Abstract
The paper relates that in "No Shame in My Game" Newman kept track of the movements and attitudes of those working long hours for the minimum wage. The paper explains the recurrent theme that the middle class misses the point of poverty and what it's like to be a kid in the inner city trying to survive and become somebody important. The paper then turns to an article by Peter Dreier entitled "Poverty in the Suburbs" that reveals that the working poor are no longer limited to the inner city, but they are also in the suburbs. The article addresses rising rental, food and gas costs that are leaving the lower middle class strapped for cash. Finally, the paper discusses how this problem can best be addressed. The paper posits that the greatest challenges to African Americans of poverty and a lack of education must be addressed and then looks at the promises of Barack Obama, John McCain and Hilary Clinton on this issue.

From the Paper
"The book by Katherine S. Newman, who is an anthropologist, shows that many of the portraits painted of the inner city by journalists and social scientists are at best incomplete and at worst flat wrong. Many accounts of the inner city tend to focus on the unemployed, the homeless, and the gang banging boys who never had a dad as a role model. Those things are indeed part of the depressing ghetto. For Newman, though, she sees the vitality in a place like Harlem; even though people going to work aren't making much money, they have the Burger Barn as their destination and their place of economic survival."

Tags:poverty, education, minimum, wage, earnings, Latinos, Blacks

Abstract
The writer of this article notes that Robert Lewis, in "A City Transformed: Manufacturing Districts and Suburban Growth in Montreal, 1850-1929", and Richard Harris, in "Industry and Residence: The Decentralization of New York City, 1900-1940", deal with the phenomenon of suburbanization in two large North American cities within time frames overlapping the early 20th century. The writer points out that both authors' analyses of changes in residential settlement, industrial relocation, and the restructuring of the urban and suburban landscapes along class lines represent a radical revision of the traditional conceptual models of the processes of suburbanization. The writer maintains that both of these articles are primarily descriptive as opposed to theoretical. It is only when one considers them in terms of the article they later jointly authored - "The Geography of North American Cities and Suburbs, 1900-1950" - that one may see how explicitly their revisionist perspectives, foreshadowed in these earlier articles, have challenged prevailing theoretical models of suburbanization in North America.

Outline:
Introduction
New York and Montreal: Key Findings
The Findings in their Larger Theoretical Context
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The findings that the move to the suburbs in both Montreal and New York City during the late 19th and early 20th century was comprised of working class people represents a critical distinction between this phase of suburbanization and the more well-known later 20th century model. For example, in the 20th century settlement in the suburbs was seen as a means of escaping low-income housing. In a number of American cities, a racial dimension was added to this class distinction, as the suburbs became areas to which the blue-collar white workers and the white middle-class resettled from the inner city, which was left to the African American working class. Studies of cities such as Detroit have found that these industrial suburbs are notably "hostile" to Black settlement; a factor that adds the complications of race and ethnicity to class in explaining settlement patterns and the processes of suburbanization."

Tags:suburbs, class, population, inner, city

Abstract
This paper explores the nature of the City of the Angels looking at a very mixed bag of primary sources about the nature of commerce and the city. The paper also looks at how the city has been defined by the nature of 20th century and now 21st century capitalism. It also looks at the way the suburb has been defined by capitalism and the ways in which Los Angeles as a city that cannot exist or be understood in isolation, has also been defined by the economics of suburbs and by the ways in which the bright promise of a city on the edge of the continent becomes so easily tarnished.

From the Paper
"We may borrow an opening line of a famous Russian novel and bend it to our own purposes, we might say that while every city is unhappy in its own ways, every suburb is unhappy in precisely the same way. This aphorism that we have just coined may help us to understand the history of the city of Los Angeles " although the history of this great American city is in fact one of the most difficult of all urban histories to write. It is difficult to talk about the nature of this city because it is not exactly a city " if one's model of a city is a place like New York City that is. But it is also a difficult city to define and to describe if one is attempting to describe it as a suburb. For while in the popular imagination Los Angeles may be nothing more than a suburb (although one imagines that its reputation for being a suburb is one based, again, in East Coast sensibilities), it is not in fact a classic bedroom community. Los Angeles is both suburb and city, both Dream Factory and home, a city of significant and fascinating contradictions."

Tags:ethnic, struggle, natural, disaster, capitalism, city, american, image

Abstract
This paper reviews a series of short essays dealing with the changing face of American cities compiled in the book, "The New American City Faces its Regional Future: A Cleveland Perspective". The paper explains how the book, which contains essays from several different authors while focusing primarily on the future of Cleveland in the new world order, also has a very national perspective and speaks at length about the problems of urban centers across the country. The paper discusses Part One and Part Two of the book and summarizes the authors's opinions regarding Cleveland's present situation, the role of Cleveland's city hall, and top-down style reform. The paper also summarizes how the authors deal with the reconstruction of a city and the need for mandatory regional government that overrides the local rule of suburbs.

From the Paper
"Two basic situations were appraised by all of the writers in the first half of the book. The first had to do with the staggering inequality that coincides here with a deeply segregated living arrangement. Cleveland is apparently among the top five most segregated urban centers in the country, and the reason for this phenomenon is explored by all. The second issue is that of urban sprawl, with each author suggesting a course of action that might revitalize the inner city."

Tags:portland, midwestern, detroit, inequality, segregated, revitalized, landscape, suburb, rebirth

Abstract
This paper compares the visions of suburban southern California as presented in two works: "City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles" by Mike Davis and "Holy Land: A Suburban Memor" by D.J. Waldie. The paper questions whether southern California is really "heaven and hell" as Davis maintains, or a "holy land" of relative comfortable suburbs as Waldie portrays. The paper explains how Los Angeles is a city of contrasts, a multi-faceted city, that offers a different experience for each individual.

From the Paper
"These two books show radically different sides of the same city, but that is not surprising. Los Angeles is so much to so many that perhaps she has lost her identity in the process. The diversity, the contrast from extreme wealth to extreme poverty, the endless sunshine, the unreality of the film and television industries, the burgeoning population - all of these combine to make a city anything a resident could want. Perhaps that is why these two writes show such diverse sides of the area. Los Angeles does not know who she is, and so, each writer can choose what he wants to highlight. There are so many sides to the City of Angels, it is nearly impossible to cover and analyze them all."

Tags:wealth, poverty, television, industry, contrasts

Abstract
This paper provides an essay that responds to three chapters related to architecture and city planning in two books: Peter Hall's "Cities of Tomorrow" and Alan Gilbert's "Urbanization in Contemporary Latin America". The responses focus on how city planning efforts during the 20th century were a reaction to the ills and ideologies of 19th century city planning.

From the Paper
"In Peter Hall's "Cities of Tomorrow" and in Alan Gilbert's "Urbanization in Contemporary Latin America", it becomes evident that city planning in the twentieth century was largely a response to the ills and ideologies of 19th century cities. In Hall's work, two major responses to the overcrowded industrial slums of Victorian England led to the garden city and the monumental city, both with distinctly different modes of living and ideologies. The garden city was guide by social purpose, while the monumental city was absent or even hostile..."

Tags:garden city, monumental city, Chicago, Victorian slums, countryside, utopia, social purpose, commercialism, totalitarianism, government, the poor, suburbs

Abstract
The paper discusses Toronto's geographic boundaries that have been defined by the character of the surrounding geography itself. The paper first examines Toronto's boundary making strategy and the boundary variances that exist. The paper then shows how urban planning has evolved over time to become essential to the quality of life and sustainability in contemporary Canada.

Outline:
Introduction
Determining Borders as Urban Planning
Urban Planning Characteristics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the early 20th century, inclination of Canadian workers to acquire land at a breakneck pace was another reason urban planning and development was seen as a necessity by the central government as well as the provincial governments: "Workers did everything they could to acquire property, sacrificing convenience, and sometimes their children's education in the process" (2004, p.27). Thus, the urgency regarding the implementation of urban planning and development really began at the turn of the 19th century and continues to this day."

Tags:resources, suburbs, geography, boundary, sustainability

Abstract
This paper examines the city of Toronto, particularly the location and nature of Chinatown. It traces the history of Chinatown and then explores the community's absence from the debate over the Spadina Expressway.

Abstract
This essay will critically examine the inner city and the suburb in modern North America, and explore the complex mythologies that obscure the reality of life in our urban settings today. It will be argued that while suburbs were originally defined by the need to escape the inner city, increasingly the inner cities of North America are today being defined by an escape from the suburbs with suburban values of security and private space redefining the public spaces of our inner cities. As will be seen, this process is a product of the complex demographic transformation of urban and suburban populations in terms of age, ethnicity, class, gender and race, occurring in the midst of a fundamental economic revolution in North America from an industrial to a post-industrial society.

Abstract
Discusses problems of lack of affordable housing and poverty. The historical social, economic and cultural background. Role of capitalism. Inadequate social services. Homelessness. Exodus of jobs and housing from cities to the suburbs. The mass media as part of the problem. Contends that human values must be placed above money values to solve inner-city problems.

From the Paper
"The housing situation that faces inhabitants of the inner cities of the United States cannot be understood without a consideration of the social, economic, and cultural history of the country. The North American colonies were founded by European immigrants who conquered, killed, and marginalized the indigenous inhabitants, and eventually herded them into reservations on worthless rural land. Tens of millions of African slaves were imported to labor on the southern cotton, sugar, and tobacco plantations, with at least as many dying in the terribly inhumane conditions of the trans-Atlantic passage as reached our shores.

The North began to industrialize with construction of a cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1793. During the next century, an unprecedented influx ..."