Abstract
The paper tells us that the fragmented history of German citizenship is directly connected to the citizenship laws which are ethically based. The paper also tells us that the fragmentation of the German nation occurred in the Medieval and Renaissance eras and has lasted for hundreds of years and this is the primary reason for the exclusivity of German citizenship. The paper explains that ethnically German citizenship was reserved for those who were truly German and that when the laws of citizenship were changed and liberalized it was due to pressure from the European Union and not domestic pressure.

From the Paper
"The new West German constitution defined a citizen as any German, not just from West Germany. German citizens were described as any ethnic-German that was deported from their homes abroad following World War II, and this included a spouse or descendant of those deportees. It also determined that anyone who was admitted into Germany as the borders stood on December 31, 1937 was also a citizen. These new citizenship laws once again kept German citizenship for the most part homogenous, thus Germany continued to have a large percentage of the population living in Germany not be German citizens. Naturalization laws continued to be difficult throughout the separation of East and West Germany, and it would not be until the reunification in the 1990's that those laws were relaxed. Still naturalization numbers were low in Germany because the belief was that Germany was not a country of non-German immigration and does not strive to increase its number of citizens through naturalization. The new reunified Germany would continue in its traditions of its predecessors by once again incorporating jus sanguine purely, while not employing jus soli at all.
It would take nearly a decade after the reunification for the citizenship laws to once again be rewritten. As of January 1, 2000 Germany, for the first time in its history employed jus soli."

Tags:citizenship, ethnicity, fragmentation, pressure, European, Union

Abstract
The paper reveals that any person born on US soil or in US airspace is considered a United States citizen, and this has resulted in terrorists being considered US citizens based on birthright citizenship. The paper considers the various arguments for and against birthright citizenship and proposes consensual citizenship as a solution to the issue. The paper explains that through consensual citizenship, the children have the right to decide if they wish to become citizens of America or not and this also protects the children's rights without rewarding the parents, who may be in the country illegally.

From the Paper
"Yaser Esam Hamdi was born in Louisiana in 1980. He and his family returned to Saudi Arabia for the next twenty years, where Yaser was raised. Yaser joined the Taliban and fought America in Afghanistan. Captured in a battle, Yaser was sent to prison in Cuba. Fortunately for Yaser, because he was born on American soil he was considered an American citizen. He transferred to a prison in the United States and was able to begin a legal case to try and gain his freedom. How fortunate it is for Yaser Hamdi, that America has birthright citizenship, so he could benefit from his rights while fighting his "countrymen" (Eastman 169). Should all persons born in the United States automatically be citizens? Or is there a better way of determining citizenship for immigrants?"

Tags:illegal, immigrants, consensual, citizenship

Abstract
This paper explores how the incorporation of 'individualism' into the concept of citizenship transformed citizenship into a catalyst or engine for liberation. The author points out that citizenship w is understood to be membership in a larger national community. The paper argues that, according to Hobbesian philosophy, citizenship protects personal freedoms and safeguards individual liberty where none might be possible otherwise.

From the Paper
"The idea of the sovereign individual has long been viewed as subversive to the traditional political order. This is especially true when one pauses to consider the impact of sovereign individuals who embrace the political life rather than the more quiescent contemplative or religious life. Be that as it may, individualism was successfully incorporated into the concept of citizenship and this incorporation transformed citizenship into a vehicle for liberation - without irreparably harming the legitimacy or viability of nation states or governmental apparatuses. In assessing the above-mentioned phenomenon, the following paper will suggest that citizenship - which obviously implies membership within a national community - became an engine of liberation because citizenship - historically and today - provides those who have it with individual rights and freedoms unavailable to do those who do not have it."

Tags:hobbes, citizenship, liberty

Abstract
The paper looks at how Langston Hughes writes about citizenship for black Americans. The paper discusses how Hughes indicates that equal citizenship should be extended based on similarities between black and white Americans, their connection between the two races, and to minimize the shame white America will feel when they realize the error in treating black as second class citizens.

From the Paper
"America has a tradition of accepting ethnic people of European descent as full citizens, while rejecting citizenship claims made by other ethnicities. The two poems discussed in this essay each focus on the notion of citizenship. Langston Hughes looks at citizenship from the eyes of black man in the mid 1920s; and, Pat Mora discusses citizenship as a woman of Mexican descent in the mid 1980s. Common themes present in each poem are: (1) the notion of a power structure connected to ones ethnicity, (2) citizenship based on appearance, and (3) a desire for acceptance as full citizens by America (i.e., white America). This essay looks at how..."

Tags:poetry, citizenship, america

Abstract
This paper discusses how Canadian citizenship is a hot top due to various reasons. According to the paper, group politics plays a pervasive role in the formulation of national policy, and group politics has become a prominent component of this nation's jurisprudence at the highest levels. This paper explores female citizenship in Canada and argues that, while things are far from perfect, the idea that women are not full and equal citizens of the Canadian state is really a risible one.

Tags:women, citizenship, canada

Abstract
This paper examines modern democratic societies, and discusses how liberal democratic principles are at odds with the model of citizenship held by modern nation-states. The paper shows that conflicts and disputes have arisen because universalistic claims of liberalism and democracy appear to be incompatible with the exclusionary, boundary-staking functions of citizenship laws and policies of the contemporary nation-states. Subsequently, nation-states are under siege from several directions as they struggle to reconcile universal principles of liberalism and democracy with modern political realities.

Tags:nation, state, citizenship

Abstract
This paper provides an exhaustive review of 31 academic sources which touch upon the concepts of transnationalism, citizenship and assimilation. The paper briefly discusses the theoretical frameworks informing many of the sources, touching upon the common threads which connect various ones and which differentiate some from others, and notes how the conceptual re-drawing of concepts such as citizenship have awakened the possibility that new grounds can now be contested as minority groups seek to advance their own interests. Finally, almost as an aside, this paper briefly examines the internal controversies bedeviling the literature.

From the Paper
"The following paper will briefly review the existing literature on the concepts of transnationalism, assimilation and citizenship. Specifically, the ensuing literature review explores these three concepts and points out, where appropriate, areas of concern in how the academic community has addressed each. As should become evident, citizenship is now a problematic term in large measure because the traditional political demarcations that made it easily apprehensible to the casual observer have given way to new and more complex understandings brought about by its complicated and even antagonistic interaction with the growing global phenomenon of transnationalism. "

Tags:transnationalism, citizenship, assimilation

Abstract
The paper focuses on the issue of citizenship and what it means to Americans. The paper utilizes the text of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, "A Letter from the Birmingham Jail," and Peter J. Gomes' speech, "Civic Virtue and the Character of Fellowship," as the core of the paper. The paper discusses these texts and their meanings and thus discovers the concept of citizenship and includes the argument over which concept best fits our time in the US.

From the Paper
"Citizenship in the United States has often been defined in many ways. For many it is a birth right, to others it is something that is obtained through legal formality. Yet, being a citizen in relation to documentation and being a citizen who is a proud member of a structure that works as one unit in the interest of the greater good, are often not ideals that exist in conjunction with one another in America. Peter J. Gomes, Professor at Harvard, and Baptist Minister wrote of his concepts of citizenship in a speech to the University of Texas in 1997. Entitled, "Civic Virtue and the Character of Fellowship: A New Take on an Old Hope," the lecture demonstrated Gomes' vision of an America that seemed to have forgotten what elements are incorporated into being a citizen and reflects on the history of fellowship, (Gomes 242)."

Tags:king, gomes, citizenship

Abstract
The paper examines the tensions and challenges of liberal citizenship which tend to be mutually reinforcing, for disagreements among the citizens of liberal societies in the form of tensions produce challenges in the form of reactionary anti-liberal sentiments. The paper explains that these anti-liberal sentiments are never acknowledged as such by those who hold them, for they consider themselves to be more conscientious liberals than their rivals and they adopt an 'ends justifies the means' philosophy.

Tags:liberal, citizenship, issues

Abstract
This paper explains that the idea of corporate citizenship and responsibility is beginning to play an increasingly large role in business and corporate theory. The author examines some of the issues, concepts and solutions raised by contemporary journal analysis of the issue of corporate environmental responsibility. The paper outlines the major problems faced, some of the ways that businesses can respond and the possibility for long-term change.

From the Paper
"As the twentieth century came to a close and the corporate excesses of the 1980s were beginning to slip into popular culture memory, the idea of corporate citizenship and responsibility began to play an increasingly large role in business and corporate theory. The environment has been one of those hot issues in business that has become tightly connected to the idea of corporate citizenship. Many people - and especially environmental groups - believe that large corporations and businesses are extremely responsible for the environmental damage that has been wreaked on the world. For this reason, critical literature into the subject of corporate citizenship has often focused on the role that businesses should play in regard to the environment, and whether or not it is possible for a business to be economically viable as well as ecologically conscious."

Tags:corporate, citizenship, environment