Abstract This paper explains that Umut Ozkirimli stated in ?Theories of Nationalism? that nationalism has been around for more than two hundred years, but serious scholarly examinations of the origins and spread of nationalism did not begin to pick up momentum until after WWII. The author points out that this book is best when arguing Ozkirimli's perspective and bringing others? views to light. The paper relates that Anthony Smith's book seeks to separate ?nationalism? from ?national identity?.
From the Paper "Smith points out that Gellner (whose ideas and work appear on 44 pages of Ozkirimli's book, but in only 3 pages of Smith's book), the ?modernist,? says nationalism (page 71) ?is not the awakening of nations to self-consciousness; it invents nations where they do not exist,? albeit it does need some "pre-existing differentiating marks to work on"? That statement is disputable, given the nationalism that has run its course in the 20th Century. Did Hitler awaken Germany to self-consciousness in the late 1930s, adroitly exploiting the German common man's resentment for the outcome of WWI? The answer has to be yes."
Abstract The paper explores whether the principles in the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" were for the better or for the worse of the French people and the French Revolution. The paper examines the progressive ideas of the Declaration as well as its essentially bourgeois nature that withheld freedom of assembly and liberty of association from the masses. The paper then assesses the role of the Declaration in the development of modern ideologies, including liberalism, nationalism and socialism, that all came about as a result of the French Revolution. The paper concludes that the historical, political and humanistic significance of the Declaration of Rights is of paramount importance in the law and political thought of the following centuries.
Outline:
Introduction
The Declaration as Embodiment of the Enlightenment Ideas
The Role of the Declaration in the Development of Modern Ideologies
Conclusion
From the Paper The Declaration contains no word about actual realization by people of their civil freedoms proclaimed in it, which is typical for all bourgeois constitutional documents. The Declaration withholds freedom of assembly and liberty of association due to the bourgeoisie's fear of excited revolutionary masses. Any professional associations were treated negatively, as they were considered to be vestiges of the guild system and to hinder individual liberty. These thoughts and attitudes were soon clearly expressed in the Le Chapelier law of June 14, 1791 that barred any craft guilds and trade unions.
"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (hereafter "the Declaration") was issued on August 26, 1789 to declare the future principles of the first French constitution when it should be completed and to be embodied as its preamble. The distinction between a constitution - an established system of government - and a declaration of rights was carefully laid down. In order to prepare a good constitution, it was "necessary to recognize the rights which natural justice grants to every individual, to recall all those principles which must form the basis of every kind of society." The text of the Declaration was prepared by the members of the Constitutional Committee, and signed by the king, though under duress. The content of the Declaration was ideologically influenced by the American Bills of Rights , remonstrations of the parliament of the times of ancient regime crisis, and ideas of the National Assembly. Its text consists of a short preamble, which states that ignorance, disregard or contempt of natural, inalienable and sacred rights of man are the sole causes of public misfortunes and governmental corruption;
"French Revolution of 1789-1799 was thus a culmination of the Enlightenment philosophy. By the 1780's, the absolute French monarchy was in overall crisis due to political and financial collapse, complemented by establishment of the "third estate" as a new socially active power. The French Revolution comprised a series of events that transformed the political, social, and ideological atmosphere of modern Europe. These events were set in motion when the aristocracy, refusing to be taxed, made it necessary for King Louis XVI to revive the moribund Estates-General in the spring of 1789. Few suspected that this decision would unleash elemental and irresistible forces of discontent. Although they had different ends in view, aristocrats, bourgeois, sans-culottes (the urban poor), and peasants were united in their determination to alter the conditions of their existence. Accompanying this assertion of self-interest was a body of abstract ideas of Enlightenment that gave direction to revolutionary energies. When the National Assembly promulgated the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in August 1789, "it intended to serve notice to the rest of Europe that it had discovered universally valid principles of government."
"Philosophers and enlighteners of the XVIII century undermined the foundations of their contemporary states where political power and enormous share of wealth belonged to nobility and clergy, while masses were impoverished. They proclaimed supremacy of reason instead of faith or tradition, and advocated faith in human nature, confidence that humans will be able to manifest their good qualities when they are given freedom and justice is restored. Ideas of equity of all humans, of duty of all citizens whether a king or a peasant to obey the law established by representatives of the people, free contracts between people exempt from feudal duty and serfdom - all these demands of philosophers united and penetrated into masses of the French people paved the way to the fall of ancient regime in their minds."
Abstract The writer of this paper contends that the reason the internet is such a big part of globalization is due to the fact that for the first time in history, any individual in any part of the world can communicate in a completely uncensored way over the entire planet. This paper focuses on the combination of nationalism and isolationism within the realm of the internet. This paper examines the advantages of nationalism that began to flourish, thanks in large part to internet technology, as the first world nations and the rest of the industrialized world separated itself from the less capable or developed nations. This paper analyzes the numerous aspects of the internet which are far different from other mediums as it provides a way to present information in a variety of approaches, each uniquely different and targeted to a specific audience. The paper also discusses the downside to the internet and advanced technology, in that it has become a source of isolationism in many third world countries. The writer claims that internet access on a global scale has a definite negative stigma which has been termed the 'digital divide.' This paper examines how the movement of globalization and strong nationalism has isolated third world nations. The writer contends that while nationalism flourishes, attention must be given to the those third world countries that have become more and more isolated due to their inability to bring technology to their citizens.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Internet
Nationalism & Globalization
Isolationism
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "The internet is basically a way for organizations, parties and movements to present them selves in the same way as we would look at a magazine, newspaper, radio shows or television presentations. The unique aspects of the Internet that is different from these other mediums because it provides a way to present information in a plethora of ways, each way uniquely different for however the target audiences may be. In the same respect, the Internet can personalize 'homepages,' or web sites to also present a very individual message for different audiences. The Internet, therefore, is a much more public and at the same time personal provider of information. This also entails that a majority of the Internet is completely dominated by individual users such as newsgroups, chats, BBS while other parts are completely commercial business related."
Abstract The paper discusses how there have been numerous changes in American national security policies since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington D.C. The most important changes have been the Bush Administration's preemptive war policy, the passage and implementation of the USA Patriot Act and homeland security measures intended to increase airline security. The paper notes that many of these changes in national security policies have been controversial, while changes that have not been made have convinced many security experts and citizens that the United States is more vulnerable to terrorism than it was four years ago.
Abstract This essay is a critical look at one of the most respected and revered films in American film, "Citizen Kane". The essay examines the many faceted conflicts that exist in the film and the lengths the characters take to resolve them. "Citizen Kane" is a tale of conflict on many different levels. This essay looks at five of the most compelling and significant conflicts that play out on the screen. These five elements in the film are the focus of the essay; they are analyzed and discussed in turn.
From the Paper "Orson Wells' 1941 masterpiece Citizen Kane is regarded as one of the finest movies since the beginning of American cinema. Like anything that is considered "great" this film has stood well against the test of time. In Citizen Kane the validity and importance of the story is almost secondary to the methods employed to tell that story. Wells, the consummate performer, utilized all of his experience stage acting and directing experience in Kane. Many of the techniques had never been used in such a manner or to the extent that Wells did. All story elements aside, Citizen Kane ushered in a new period in American Film and would inspire the film-makers not only of the generation when it premiered but film-makers even today."
Abstract This is a review about the myth of the good corporate citizen. Dobbin (1998) discusses globalization and the nature of power held by transnational corporations, along with the impact of their power on Canada.
Abstract In this article the writer discusses the 1789 "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen". The writer looks at which of its provisions Montesquieu would endorse and which he would criticize. In this paper, the writer discusses his thinking on liberty, democracy and security.
From the Paper "... when the deputies of the National Assembly in France composed the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen' the goal was to establish once and for all solemn declaration of the natural inalienable and sacred rights of man. These rights universal immutable and self-evident were intended to advance the cause of personal liberty and stem the tides of tyranny. In this the National Assembly was applying the wisdom of the Enlightenment to concrete matters of governance, advancing the legacy of the philosophes that ... "
Tags: enlightenment, declaration of the rights fo man and citizen, montesquieu, natural rights
Abstract This paper examines the film styles within "Citizen Kane". These styles included realism, German expressionism and the nontage style. A looks at how these film styles are connected to scenes and themes within the movie.
From the Paper "Film, like many art forms, is punctuated by works of great influence. These films often change the way that films are made so that future works are fundamentally different. These works can influence the medium of film in technical, thematic, stylistic or a wide range of other ways. Probably one of the most influential films is Citizen Kane. Filmmakers and critics give a wide range of reasons for suggesting that Citizen Kane is one of the greatest films of all time. Some would suggest that the work is a brilliant example of technical filmmaking while others would suggest that its use of narrative was truly unique. "
This paper describes how important it is for senior citizens to be active members of society and the resources available to them in the Nashville area.
Abstract This paper explores options for senior citizen involvement in the Nashville area. The author cites how important it is for seniors to be active in order to avoid many of the emotional problems faced at this stage of life. These issues, such as depression and suicide, are discussed. The author found the activities in her city, Nashville, to be positive options for elders seeking companionship and the opportunity to be active community members.
Outline:
Introduction
This Area
Gaps
Conclusion
From the Paper "Recent advances in the field of medicine make it possible to live longer than ever before. While a longer life provides the opportunity for seniors to do things that they put on hold while raising families and working, it can also create a feeling of isolation and loneliness. Depression has been reported to be a common problem among the elderly as well as not eating correctly and other issues that occur when a person removes himself from society. The center for national statistics on suicide reports that the age bracket with the highest suicide rate is the group of 85 plus years old(Suicide http://www.tspn.org/facts.htm). To combat these and other problems associated with aging it is important for an elderly person to remain active. Whether it is through club membership, senior center activities or volunteering their time, the elderly should continue an active lifestyle as long as they are physically and mentally able to do so. "
Abstract The paper looks at the physical, mental and social factors that make the elderly a vulnerable segment of society. The paper also discusses various issues affecting this age group such as discrimination and specific nursing needs and then describes certain measures that can be taken to assist the elderly. The paper concludes that the quality of life of senior citizens will depend on unique legislation to protect their needs, employment without fear of retribution and discrimination, as well as health care systems that can meet their needs.
From the Paper "According to Carstensen, "Longetivity is the largely unexpected consequences of improvements in general living conditions. Genetically speaking, we are no smarter or heartier than our relatives were 10,000 years ago" (2007, p. 42). Nonetheless, more and more elderly and senior citizens in our society choose to remain active vital members of the community. Unfortunately, older Americans are still viewed as incompetent and frail, due solely to their age, which can lead to age discrimination. This discrimination is not only unjust, but can lead to physical and mental health problems for senior citizens as well. The cross-national Ageism Survey found that "84 percent of Americans more than 60 years old report one or more incidents of ageism, including insulting jokes, disrespect, patronizing behavior and assumptions pertaining to frailty or ailments (citing e.g., Palmore 2004; see also Kassau 1977; Kimmel 1988; Byron, Mong, & Roscigno, 2007). Furthermore, older workers have self-reported that they have faced age discrimination in 12,271 cases, with "2,181 verified cases wherein probable cause determinations were reached or favorable settlements for the charging party were brokered by a neutral party."
A research study looking at the impact nationalism has had on Europe and, in particular, the way in which nationalism as an ideological concept is perceived and understood.
Abstract This paper explores the assumption that the views and theories about nationalism are to a great extent determined by the dominant theories, philosophies and perceptions of the age. In this sense it is a contention of this paper that modern nationalism needs to be understood within the context of the broader issues of modern and postmodern speculative thought. This paper also attempts to ascertain the way that theorists and thinkers over the years have understood and influenced the concept and ideology of nationalism. The study therefore provides an overview of the salient most cogent theories and perspectives on the changing views of nationalism. Additionally, the paper attempts to refer these theories and counter theories to actual contemporary situations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Nationalism?
Nationalism and Ideology
Cultural Nationalism Romanticism and Nationalism Nationalism as a Social Construction
Hobsbawm and Geller
Summations and Reflections
From the Paper "It is something of a truism to say that ethnic and nationalist movements have become a dominant force in the world in the past century. It is also relatively easy to forecast that the future of Europe will be shaped to a great extent by nationalistic imperatives and philosophies. One only has to look at the recent history of Eastern Europe and the Balkans for general and tentative conformation of these assumptions. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the fragmentation of the region have allowed nationalisms and ethnic groups to emerge in many areas. And, according to modern theorists of nationalism, we are also seeing the invention of new "nationalisms" that are being constructed by political and ideological forces - sometimes with devastating consequences."
Abstract This paper attempts to provide a more critical examination of what is meant by nationalism by looking to two works of fiction ? the 1919 Mr Standfast by John Bucan and the 1933 mystery novel Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie. Both of these novels develops ideas of nationalism that are rooted in the historical concerns of these moments in time. Both in many ways now seem to us rather quaintly nostalgic. However, it is important to understand how very much the ideas ? and ideals ? of nationalism that are expressed in these two books are still with us today.
From the paper:
"We are currently surrounded with reminders of how the fabric of nationalism is woven: This has, of course, been especially true since the attacks on American on the 11th of September. It has become increasingly difficult to go anywhere now without seeing flags or other forms of patriotism and nationalism. And yet, while the heart may indeed swell at such demonstrations, the current uprising of nationalist sentiment provides a moment not only for us to join together in mutually felt pride in our nation but also to examine precisely what it is that nationalism means."
Abstract This paper argues that ,while environmental treaties are justified in their interference with issues traditionally related to state sovereignty, such interference allows nations to challenge environmental treaties. It explains that this was very clear in the case of the Convention on Climate Change when several nations, such as the United States and China, refused to abide by the treaty, and even more, did not follow its terms even after agreeing to them. The writer points out that one of the most noticeable factors here is that it is mainly the industrialized or developed nations that have the power and strength to openly defy these treaties, while the Third World countries cannot for the simply reason that financial aid is, to some degree, partly dependant upon their national environmental laws. In this sense, an imbalance develops whereby the developed world has the choice to either reject or accept those treaties, and the Third World largely does not. From an analysis of this imbalance, and after proving it with reference to a number of global environmental treaties, this paper argues that the only solution lies in the creation of an international body for global environmental governance in which nations, regardless of their economic and political status, are equally represented. The aim of such a body would be to ensure respect for environmental treaties, eliminate imbalance,s and respond to one basic truth: the environment is a shared space, and one nation's abuse of it affects the lives of all people across the world. Thus, state sovereignty is an irrelevant issue here, as no nation has sovereignty over the environment.
From the Paper "The concept of national sovereignty has, since the emergence of nation-states, been regarded as sacred. At least, citizens and national governments have regarded their nation's sovereignty as sacred. That attitude was eventually transferred into law. Thereby, international law and treaties currently acknowledge and protect the principle of national sovereignty, conceding to a nation's rights to self determination and to resistance of external interventions in internal or national policies and decision making processes. However, while sovereignty is a popularly acknowledged and jealously protected political principle, sovereignty is not absolute and has its limitations. These limitations are defined by the interests of other nations and the collective welfare of all people and countries. Hence, no nation is absolutely sovereign and no government has the authority to act as it wishes within its national borders, arguing that it is protected by the principle of sovereignty. The simple fact of the matter is that in various international issues, most especially those relating to environmental policies, no country should have absolute sovereignty since, as emphasized by Robert Goodland and Herman Daly, the environment is not national but international or "universal" (1002-1003). Consequently, as relates to the environment, the concept of national sovereignty is a contentious issue."
Abstract Even though these concepts seem very similar, this paper uses contemporary examples to show the difference between a nation and a nation-state. It discusses the history of Zionism, the "Nation of Islam" quest by African-Americans, and the ongoing wars in the Balkans. It also looks at different factors taken into account when defining these concepts - religion, history and culture.
From the Paper "Defining the difference between a nation and a nation-state can seem more like a bit of philosophical hair-splitting than a useful distinction for a political scientist to make in analyzing the present global situation. However, to better understand the assumptions that underline the terms of "nation" and "nation state" it is useful to unpack such concepts before passing judgement on what is a nation or a nation state in the real world of lived political existence."
Tags:nationalism, culture, religion, history, society, zionism, balkan
