Abstract
The paper explores whether the principles in the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" were for the better or for the worse of the French people and the French Revolution. The paper examines the progressive ideas of the Declaration as well as its essentially bourgeois nature that withheld freedom of assembly and liberty of association from the masses. The paper then assesses the role of the Declaration in the development of modern ideologies, including liberalism, nationalism and socialism, that all came about as a result of the French Revolution. The paper concludes that the historical, political and humanistic significance of the Declaration of Rights is of paramount importance in the law and political thought of the following centuries.

Outline:
Introduction
The Declaration as Embodiment of the Enlightenment Ideas
The Role of the Declaration in the Development of Modern Ideologies
Conclusion

From the Paper
The Declaration contains no word about actual realization by people of their civil freedoms proclaimed in it, which is typical for all bourgeois constitutional documents. The Declaration withholds freedom of assembly and liberty of association due to the bourgeoisie's fear of excited revolutionary masses. Any professional associations were treated negatively, as they were considered to be vestiges of the guild system and to hinder individual liberty. These thoughts and attitudes were soon clearly expressed in the Le Chapelier law of June 14, 1791 that barred any craft guilds and trade unions.
"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (hereafter "the Declaration") was issued on August 26, 1789 to declare the future principles of the first French constitution when it should be completed and to be embodied as its preamble. The distinction between a constitution - an established system of government - and a declaration of rights was carefully laid down. In order to prepare a good constitution, it was "necessary to recognize the rights which natural justice grants to every individual, to recall all those principles which must form the basis of every kind of society." The text of the Declaration was prepared by the members of the Constitutional Committee, and signed by the king, though under duress. The content of the Declaration was ideologically influenced by the American Bills of Rights , remonstrations of the parliament of the times of ancient regime crisis, and ideas of the National Assembly. Its text consists of a short preamble, which states that ignorance, disregard or contempt of natural, inalienable and sacred rights of man are the sole causes of public misfortunes and governmental corruption;
"French Revolution of 1789-1799 was thus a culmination of the Enlightenment philosophy. By the 1780's, the absolute French monarchy was in overall crisis due to political and financial collapse, complemented by establishment of the "third estate" as a new socially active power. The French Revolution comprised a series of events that transformed the political, social, and ideological atmosphere of modern Europe. These events were set in motion when the aristocracy, refusing to be taxed, made it necessary for King Louis XVI to revive the moribund Estates-General in the spring of 1789. Few suspected that this decision would unleash elemental and irresistible forces of discontent. Although they had different ends in view, aristocrats, bourgeois, sans-culottes (the urban poor), and peasants were united in their determination to alter the conditions of their existence. Accompanying this assertion of self-interest was a body of abstract ideas of Enlightenment that gave direction to revolutionary energies. When the National Assembly promulgated the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in August 1789, "it intended to serve notice to the rest of Europe that it had discovered universally valid principles of government."
"Philosophers and enlighteners of the XVIII century undermined the foundations of their contemporary states where political power and enormous share of wealth belonged to nobility and clergy, while masses were impoverished. They proclaimed supremacy of reason instead of faith or tradition, and advocated faith in human nature, confidence that humans will be able to manifest their good qualities when they are given freedom and justice is restored. Ideas of equity of all humans, of duty of all citizens whether a king or a peasant to obey the law established by representatives of the people, free contracts between people exempt from feudal duty and serfdom - all these demands of philosophers united and penetrated into masses of the French people paved the way to the fall of ancient regime in their minds."

Tags:bourgeois, liberalism, nationalism, socialism, French, Revolution, Enlightenment

Abstract
This paper discusses the integration of political analyses concerning Australia's behavior and actions as an 'international citizen' operating within the framework of 'achieving the common good', as a member of international bodies and organizations spearheaded by developed nations all over the world. The paper draws on analyses made by Peter Mares, Peter Singer and Tom Gregg, Patrick Kilby, and Matt McDonald and posits that Australia, in general, has not been a 'good' international citizen. This assumption is made based on Australia's policies and actions towards important issues, particularly on laws and policies regarding refugee seekers, aid programs on poverty, and global climate change. More specifically, the paper also discusses how Australia has not been a good citizen towards improving policies on refugee seekers and addressing concerns about the climate change and how, it has not been fully responsive to the needs of poor, developing countries through its aid programs.

Outline:
Mares and Singer: Australia 'Working its Way Around' the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees
Kilby on AusAID: Australia's Aid Program not Responsive to Needs of Poor, Developing Countries
McDonald on Australia's Concept of Retributive and Distributive Justice in the Context of Global Climate Change
Conclusion

From the Paper
"These issues prompted other destination countries in Europe and North America to start rethinking about the way they accept asylum seekers entering their borders. Mares cited an example wherein both Australia and the United States developed a system in dealing with asylum seekers, with the objective of preventing them from "achieving their 'desired migration outcome'" (234). That is, inasmuch as destination countries would like to help asylum seekers, there is also the possibility that asylum seeking has become a "means" through which an individual from a war-stricken (oftentimes also a poor, developing country) would enter a developed nation via this easier route, legal or otherwise. And because the Convention only offers protection to asylum seekers and does not provide much protection or assurance to the destination countries, systems similar to the ones developed by Australia and the US were developed to address the countries' need for migration security and border protection. "

Tags:refugee, seekers, asylum, poor, environment

Abstract
This is a fourth-year position paper explaining, in the light of course readings, the genuine nature of politics/economics within what we are told is "globalization". The paper refers to the weakened nation-state that is also powerful in terms of alignment with American-led economic activities, but is rather ignoring the citizen. The paper looks at how citizens have embraced new forms of citizenship towards activism and different linkages.

From the Paper
"Globalization has been held up as a result of technological and other inter-connectedness. One sees much reference to progress and to a so-called Global Village. However, when globalization is examined with attention to its political and economic realities one recognizes a close to imperial project of participating powers that gain in ways that tend to benefit classes with access to capital while disadvantaging proletarian and deprived groups. It is argued that globalization has weakened the..."

Tags:globalization, brodie et al, thematic

Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike the United States' Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of Rights was written first, as a statement to the French people of the supreme guarantee of rights and as a symbol of liberty and egalitarianism, which was modeled after the beliefs of the American Constitution. The author points out that the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ensured freedom to a society under absolute rule and outlined the basic fundamental principles enjoyed by a free society: No longer is the power invested in the king but in the people. The paper stresses that the National Assembly disjoined politics and religion because they considered the Catholic Church to be an enemy of liberty, a power that would try to revoke what the Declaration had just guaranteed.

From the Paper
"In declaring sovereignty for the French, the declaration was a loose interpretation of what America had scripted fifteen years earlier. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, to break colonial allegiance with Great Britain. The document asserts the right to be free and independent states, where under a fair government there is a promise for man's entitlement to independence. Such beliefs have a direct correlation with what the French conveyed in their declaration. Jefferson wrote, "...all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Brophy 190). This line is almost identical to the one found in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen."

Tags:lafette, catholic, religion, liberty, equality

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that in order for one to determine whether or not the United Nations has been successful at accomplishing its goals, one must look to the advantages and disadvantages of the United Nations. Further the writer notes that to do so, one must look at the United Nations' peacekeeping capabilities, arms control and disarmament policies, human rights work and humanitarian aid. The writer also discusses how those policies have been applied to member and non-member nations. The writer concludes that in order to move the United Nation towards its goals of bringing peace and improving the quality of life of all people, the United Nations may need to undergo a restructuring, which would make the United Nations more likely to intervene on behalf of citizens in less influential nations.

From the Paper
"One of the main critiques of the League of Nations, which was the predecessor to the United Nations, was that it had no power to enforce its recommendations. Therefore, a relative advantage of the United Nations is that it has the authority to send troops to locations where violence is threatened. This power is referred to as peacekeeping. According to the Human Security Centre, the United Nations' peacekeeping efforts appear to have resulted in a less violence world by eliminating colonial conflicts, reducing interstate wars, and reducing genocide and politicide. In fact, the most powerful testament to the United Nations' peacekeeping ability is the fact that there has not been a third world war. However, it would be inaccurate to simply label the United Nation's peacekeeping power solely as an advantage, because history has revealed that it has not been applied consistently. For example, the United Nations has either been reluctant to use its peacekeeping powers to aid people in Africa, or has proven woefully unsuccessful when it has attempted to do so."

Tags:development, human, rights, peacekeeping, humanitarian, aid

Abstract
This paper explains that, in their haste to introduce market reforms and efficiencies into their antiquated agricultural systems, many emerging nations have sacrificed their environment and citizens' health in exchange for some well-intentioned but misguided short-term gains in productivity. The author points out that past agricultural practices were based on tradition and spiritual concepts; however, many emerging nations have succeeded in overcoming these constraints through innovative policies and initiatives. The paper stresses that modern western agricultural practices rely heavily on heavy and expensive equipment as well as industrial pesticides and fertilizers to wrench continued high yields from the soil are not readily transferable to many emerging nations.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Existing Agricultural Practices in China Today
Innovative and Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Current and Future Trends
What Can Be Done?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Within rural sociology, sustainable agriculture is frequently considered to be a mutually exclusive "competing paradigm" that challenges conventional agriculture on environmental, economic and ideological grounds. As a result, much of the research on identifying sustainable agricultural practices has been focused on understanding the characteristics which differentiate conventional and alternative farmers, as well as the conditions that serve to constrain or facilitate the development of alternative practices and ways of thinking among farmers and agriculture more generally. For example, researchers have examined a variety of farmer and farm attributes such as age, education, orientation to risk, perception of environmental problems, farm size, and profitability; the impact of agricultural markets and prices and state policies, programs and services have also been examined extensively."

Tags:antiquated, short-term, characteristics, resources, non-transferable

Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses elements that persuade states to seek membership in the United Nations. The writer examines the reasons why some citizens in several countries (the United States, Switzerland) oppose U.N. membership. The writer also discusses the policy of the Bush Administration in this regard. This article also provides a background of the United Nations.

From the Paper
"Although the title of this paper implies that all states value membership in the United Nations, such a perspective is not universal. The majority of the citizens of Switzerland oppose membership in the United Nations and the minority Bush-government in the United States is hostile to the United Nations. Further, the Bush government likely will make an effort to withdraw the United States from the United Nations if a re-election of President Bush occurs with a majority of the ..."

Tags:Veto, Unilateral, Multilateral, Self-Determination, International, Law

Abstract
The paper illustrates how the premise of race is often depicted in stereotypes that are either falsely propagandized or that offer a true reflection of the experiences of minorities that struggle against racial hegemony. The paper shows how in Okubo's illustrations of her life in the Japanese internment camps, she exposes the racism she encountered with clarity and historical perspective. However, the paper contends that Griffith offers a highly sensationalized idea about racism that is not realistic, especially with its constant reference to the myths of knighthood and damsels of the medieval period.

Tags:okubo, camp, japan

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a proposal for a study examining bureaucracy and public vigilance using the newly created Department of Homeland Security.

From the Paper
"Recent events in the United States including the terrorist attacks of September 11 have created a situation in which the government has expanded its bureaucratic operations to embrace new roles and responsibilities regarding homeland security. Under the umbrella formed by the newly created Department of Homeland Security (DHS) the executive branch has brought together a number of individual agencies charged with various aspects of preventing or responding to threats ..."

Tags:bureaucracy, Department of Homeland Security, public vigilance, terrorism, U.S. government

Abstract
The document known as the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" was written for the purpose of delineating the rights that every individual is entitled to. This paper examines what inspired its author, Frenchman le Marquis de La Fayette, to pen the document in 1789. It also looks at the main points of the declaration, its intentions and the language used.

From the Paper
"Besides defining what the basic role of government should be, the declaration gives citizens the ability to hold government liable for its actions. Article 6 gives all citizens the right to participate in the lawmaking process, either directly or through their representatives. Citizens are also given the right to keep public officials held accountable for the actions of their administration as stated in Article 15. Much of the declaration's principles express the importance that must be shown towards maintaining the rights of individuals."

Tags:French, National, Assembly, War, of, Independence, Declaration, monarchy, aristocracy