Abstract This paper presents the two most common forms of citation styles, the APA and MLA styles. The author describes when these formats are used and in which disciplines. The importance of using citations is also discussed as is the problem of plagiarism. The differences between the two citation styles are illustrated through the examples of title pages, in-text citations and bibliographies.
Outline:
Usage of Citation Method
Document Format
In-Text Citation Works Cited
Footnotes and Endnotes
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "The Modern Language Association was begun in 1883 as a form of collaboration for those in the scholarly arena (Modern Language Association 2004). The standards for the citation of resources in scholarly writings was the outcome of such an effort to create a standard and formal method of giving credit to the authors whose work is utilized in an academic manner. Currently, the sixth edition is available. Most usage of MLA is found in the liberal arts and humanities (Stolley 2006). "
Abstract This paper focuses on student plagiarism, which is becoming increasingly rampant in universities. It first defines different forms of plagiarism and how these forms vary by degrees. The paper then looks at the different reasons why students resort to plagiarism. It then discusses proper citation and how students could avoid committing plagiarism in the first place. In the conclusion, this paper argues that given its capacity for individual and social harm, universities and colleges should take stronger stands in curbing this behavior in school.
From the Paper "Though most universities enforce their own plagiarism policies, these policies often have important characteristics in common. Plagiarism policies include cheating on examinations and falsifying information for any written or presented work. Plagiarism could also include turning in a paper that was partially or completely written by another person. Any alterations in academic or clinical records could also be viewed as plagiarism."
Abstract This paper explains that, when creating a written work, a writer often turns to other sources for information and confirmation of their ideas, which need to be given credit for their content. The formatting of these citations and references and the general formatting of the paper itself are specified by several organizations. The author points out that APA, MLA and Harvard, the three of the most common formatting styles used today, have many similarities including the inclusion of the author's surname or an abbreviated title when an author is not available for in text citations; however, the inclusion of the year of publication and/or the page number differs according to the style. The paper relates that, the reference list of the works cited also differs in style, yet typically contains similar information, giving the reader the ability to investigate the cited work.
Table of Contents
Introduction
APA Format
MLA Format
Harvard Format
Conclusion
From the Paper "The first step is to identify the author of the electronic source. This is sometimes not identified. In those instance, the page title is substituted for the author's surname in the in text citation, surrounded by parentheses. Date of publication must also be determined, as well as the URL of the electronic source. The full URL should be provided to direct the reader exactly to the source, and not just the main page of the material. With direct quotes, where page numbers are normally applied in the Harvard style, these are omitted, as they typically don't exist in electronic source materials."
Explains how Hughes' "Ballad of the Landlord and Madam" and the "Rent Man" use similar voice, tone, and theme, to illuminate the African-American condition of the 1940's.
1,405 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, 2001, $ 46.95
Abstract This is an essay on two poems of the prolific African-American writer, Langston Hughes: "Ballad of the Landlord and Madam" and "The Rent Man". It focuses on the fictional elements of voice, point of view, tone, and theme. The meaning is illustrated through examining the words of both poems.
From the Paper "Langston Hughes uses a strikingly similar voice in "Ballad of the Landlord" and ?Madam and the Rent Man.? The point of view of both poems is first person, which greatly increases the believability of both poems? tone. The attitude is one of anger and despair, and it's this attitude that conveys the meaning Hughes is trying to make. His meaning has to do with race and class issues. Hughes is illustrating the frustration of oppressed African Americans and the racial prejudice and social injustice they face.'
Abstract This paper goes into a description on the subject of geneticists. The author breaks down the strengths and weaknesses of Dorthy Nelkin's argument, a sociology professor who questions the legitemacy of genetics. Includes quotes and in-texts citations, as well as opinions and beliefs.
From the Paper "Dorthy Nelkin, a sociology professor, has begun to question the legitimacy of genetics, the human genome, and the accuracy of geneticists? beliefs and statements. In her passage ?The Grandiose Claims of Geneticists,? Nelkin states that ?Until recently, scientists have paid little attention to communicating with the public.? Nelkin's statement may very well be true, but to the vast majority of Americans- the housewives, the food service workers, the construction workers, the grocery store clerks, and the unemployed- how much does this really affect their everyday lives? The medical breakthroughs that geneticists find may very well be the extent of the concern surrounding this futuristic science. Genetics is a science that has emerged before our eyes as being some great discovery, but everything cannot possibly be ?all in the genes.?
Abstract This research paper focuses on the language of Herman Melville's "The Lightning-Rod Man". The author examines diction, characterization, and description, and how Melville uses these aspects to portray the theme and religious symbolism of the story. Also includes short comparison to John Milton's "Paradise Regained".
From the Paper "Herman Melville's short story, ?The Lightning-Rod Man,? first appeared in Putnam's Monthly Magazine in August of 1854 and was later published in Melville's The Piazza Tales in 1856 (Verdier, 273). It seems all critics have a different opinion of the story. One anonymous critic said,? "The Lightning-Rod Man""a story which excited great attention when originally published in Putnam's Monthly" (Parker, 83). One the other hand, another anonymous critic said, ? "The Lightning-Rod Man" is a very flat recital which we should never have suspected Melville of producing, had it not been put forth under the sanction of his name? (Parker, 81). Critics also differ in what they think is the theme of the story, but most will agree that Melville creates religious symbolism through his diction and characterization. Verdier says, "the tale may be seen as a confrontation between Good and Evil" (274), which the story, on an emblematic level, most definitely is. Through description and diction, the narrator is understood as a follower of God, someone who believes in The Almighty watching over him. On the other hand, the lightning-rod man is seen as a negative character, someone who only has faith in the product he's peddling. Symbolically, the lightning-rod man is representative of Satan himself. "
Abstract This paper discusses the theme of sexuality as seen by Benjy, the mentally retarded Compson brother in William Faulkner's "The Sound and the Fury". Using many well chosen in-text citations, this essay discusses how Benjy understands the sexuality of his sister Caddy, what sexuality implies for him, and how he tries to free her from her sexuality.
From the Paper:
"In William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, characters appear to trip and stumble through time as they attempt to narrate a past that is so painful for them that they sometimes lose control of their memories in narrating them. While the episodes in the different characters? chapters seem to flow from their minds without restrictions, there are, if closely examined, correlations between the memories. While Quentin's and Jason's memory triggers can be subtle and nested in dialogue, Benjy?s, because he is mentally impaired, are much more concrete; he relies on concrete images and objects as triggers for his memories. In the earliest episodes of Benjy's narration, clothing becomes an important symbol for sexuality that then serves as a trigger for Benjy's memories involving his sister Caddy and his issues with her sexuality."?
Abstract This paper examines the dimension of Kenya's national debt. It describes the enormity of the debt in human terms, as the author writes that the cost of paying just the interest alone on the debt is far larger than what the government spends on healthcare. The paper investigates the true motives of the Poverty Reduction Strategy.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Poverty Reduction Strategy
Purpose of the Poverty Reduction Strategy
Political Consequences
Political pressure by IMF
Internal violence
Conclusion
In Text Citations
From the Paper "Africa spends four times more on interest on her loans than on healthcare.
"The issue of Third World debt is one that cannot be ignored or wished away. In just 10 years, it escalated from a little over $400 billion in 1980 to a staggering $1.3 trillion in 1990. Kenya's eternal debt is more than $7 billion". Nairobi (The Nation, October 13, 1998) ""
Abstract This paper examines the Georgia lawsuit, Atlanta Motel vs. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), which is about a motel restricting clientele to white customers only. The paper describes the legal battle for enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the issue that it violates the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The paper is written in legal format.
Table of Contents:
Citation Facts
Previous Decision
Issue
Decision
Reasons
From the Paper "Reasons for the Lawsuit:
The appellant is the owner of a large motel (Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc.) in Atlanta, Georgia who restricts his clientele to white people, 75% of whom are inter-state travelers. He has filed a suit to perpetuate his policy of refusing rooms to Negroes. The defendants or appellees are the United States et al."
From the Paper "The American system of juvenile corrections has numerous failures and few successes, and it is a system in crisis as the inner cities produce more and more street gangs, violence, and troubled youth. There are many reasons for the increase in these problems, and the programs developed to cope with them have not kept pace with the rate of change and have not served well to control juveniles or to address their problems. Yet, new programs are suggested all the time, showing that there is a realization of the need and an attempt to come to terms with it. The system is seen as overburdened and as facing new levels of violence in the streets so that the sorts of crimes with which the system must cope are more serious than in earlier periods. The system, which has been based on a rehabilitation model, has also been seen as ineffective, and new approaches have been..."
Abstract This paper goes through several points to show that the newest discovery of schizophrenia's cause--a retrovirus--contradicts the long-held theory of Darwinian Evolution. The paper discusses the latest research which shows that the retrovirus that causes schizophrenia has been in the human genome for millions of years, yet it has remained unchanged; it is triggered at the same frequency and produces the same symptoms. Considering that millions of years of existence within the human genetic system is a sufficient amount of time for change to occur, this is one characteristic of murine leukemia virus genus that directly opposes the laws of evolution as laid out by Darwin. The paper also includes citations and quotations from several notable scientific journals.
From the Paper "Darwin's theory of Evolution has been regarded by scientists for many years as the answer to man's history on Earth. Since Charles Darwin introduced his theory in 1859 with his first work, Origin of Species, controversies over its accuracy have been abundant. Regardless of these controversies, the world of science has implemented Darwin's fundamental principles for over a century. A recent discovery in the world of biopsychology has shown several characteristics that completely contradict this widely accepted view. This discovery is the retrovirus that causes schizophrenia, a severe psychotic psychological disorder. When taking both Darwin's theory and this new discovery into account, one may ask, in what ways does this new discovery contradict the theory of Evolution, a theory many scientists have believed to be true for many years."
Tags: controversy, science, psychotic, Alzheimer?s, Origin, of, Species
From the Paper "Beginning on January 1, 1992, motorcycle riders in California had to wear helmets or risk receiving a moving violation citation. The helmet law was controversial on several fronts, with hard-core motorcycle riders concerned about the loss of freedom that goes with not wearing a helmet, helmet manufacturers interested in an increase in sales and insurance companies concerned both that the helmet law would reduce the seriousness of injuries received by riders while increasing the number of product liability cases that were filed against manufacturers of helmets. This research examines the motorcycle helmet law and considers its economic effects both to individual riders and to society as a whole.
At the heart of the controversy surrounding the helmet law is where an individual's personal freedom to enjoy a leisure activity.."
Abstract This paper examines the book "Hungry for Trade, How the Poor Pay for Free Trade" by John Madeley which discusses free trade and its negative affect on poor countries. It shows that how the poor pay for free trade is a fitting analogy for what has happened to the balance of power in the years following the advent of free trade and how highlighted in the story of exploitation are the many methods in which the rich attempt to take advantage of the poor. It shows how in order to understand the impact of free trade has on the third world it is necessary to discover the organizations on both sides of the battle, the ones that are against trade and the ones that are for it. It is also analyzes together with other literary citations, how the third world could benefit from changes to free trade agreements or changes to the structures and organizations that control it.
From the Paper "Many studies of how women contribute to the farming household, do not take into account the decisions that women help to make about the farm. A study of the methodological difficulties of accounting for women's contribution to farming in the third world by Agnes Quisumbing found that it was very difficult to distinguish where to draw the line as to who contributes more and to what activities in a farming family. At the same time the study acknowledges that it is important to mark the contributions of women to the farming family. Most of the studies reviewed by Quisumbing found no difference at all between the contributions of men and women after you controlled for individual characteristics. This supports the idea of the FAO in Madeley's book that women will be a necessary part of the equation to solve world hunger through agriculture."
Tags: debt, exploitation, starvation, third, world
Abstract This paper provides a basic overview of the 1966-1969 revision of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) for Men. Information about the instrument is taken primarily from Buros' (1972) Seventh Mental Measurement Yearbook. However, there are a few citations to other sources as well, to ensure that the examination and description of the instrument is sufficiently in-depth. After presenting a basic description of the test, the paper examines the population it was designed for and the norming population. This is followed by a look at the test's reliability and validity. The paper ends with a personal evaluation of the test.
From the Paper "In the test reviews provided in The Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook, it was mostly agreed that the reliability of the test appeared solid with odd-even and short-term test-retest figures reported to vary from the low .80s to the low .90s. Even very long term tests (20 years) ranged in the .60s indicating that the test's ability to identify individuals' interests remained stable over a long period of time. There was somewhat less agreement about the instrument's validity although it was noted that the test was fairly good at predicting job satisfaction."
Five of Matthew's "formulaic passages" are unique because they are taken directly from the book of Isaiah, in this paper, the writer analyzes 5 passages taken from Isaiah's pages.
Abstract Matthew's text contains around sixty allusions and citations to the words of the Old Testament within its pages, of which the writer examines ten in this paper. Ten of Matthew's references to the Old Testament are enclosed in a category of their own; they are referred to as the ?formulaic passages.? The writer focuses on Matthew's use of Isaiah (passages from Isaiah compose half of Matthew's formulaic quotations and the writer focuses on five of them: 1:22-23; 3:3; 4:13-16; 8:17; and 12:17-21) as prophecy. It begins with a textual analysis of these passages and then provides an observation of Matthew's theology of fulfillment through use of the Old Testament.
From the Paper "Matthew 1:22-23 is the first of the formulaic quotations that I will introduce and is probably the quotation that offers the most debate. Here, Matthew quotes from Isaiah 7:14 to show how Jesus fulfills prophecy because he is born of a virgin and named Emmanuel. The passage reads: ?All this took place to fulfill what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet: ?Look, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall name him Emmanuel,? which means, "God is with us"? (Matt. 1:22-23). However, M. Eugene Boring in the New Interpreter's Bible, points out that the context of Isaiah's passage was God's promise to Judah of salvation from the threat of the approaching Syrio-Ephriamitic War ?before the child of a young woman who was already pregnant would reach the age of moral discernment,? adding that as a symbol of hope, the child was to be given the name Emmanuel, "God is with us" (Boring, 135). Boring makes the important argument that Matthew misunderstood the Hebrew translation of the word ?almah (correctly translated as young woman) as virgin (or referring to virginal conception) (135). Boring also notes the importance in the tense of Isaiah's passage. The conception is not meant to be seen as an event in the future, instead it is directed towards Isaiah's own time and context (135). Robert Horton Gundry in his book The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew's Gospel, however, would disagree with Boring. Gundry believes that all commentators who fail to see the prediction of a "miraculous birth of the Messiah in Is. 7:14 neglect to establish one of two things which must be established for those views to stand" (Gundry, 226). Gundry then proceeds to delve into his own argumentative literary analysis of the passage. He begins, ?First, if the "almah is a virgin, she will lose her virginity, conceive, and bear" meaning that if the young woman is in fact a virgin, she will not be much longer. However, if the woman were married or marriage was contemplated before the conceiving and birth, the text would be expected to say ?ishah or wife (Gundry, 226). The text's tense also suggests that the pregnancy has already begun, so therefore the conception and birth of the child must take place before or without the young woman's becoming ?ishah (226-227). He continues, ?Second, if marriage is not contemplated, ?almah is used in the sense of a young married woman.? He concludes, ??"Almah refers to a mature young woman of marriageable age, but unmarried and presumably virgin unless otherwise stated" (Gundry, 227). Gundry therefore disagrees with M. Eugene Boring and concludes that Matthew correctly interpreted Isaiah's passage. Given Gundry and Boring's separate arguments, are we to say that Matthew interpreted Isaiah correctly or incorrectly? And how would the answer to this question effect Matthew's use of Isaiah as prophecy? This raises an interesting and likewise important question about the impact of Matthew's correct and/or incorrect interpretations of the Old Testament (such as Isaiah) that will be addressed later."
