From the Paper
"In spite of the massive entry of women in the workplace and the increasing numbers of women in mid-level managerial positions, top-level positions remain as elusive to women today as they were more than a decade ago. Working in a world dominated by male decision-makers and their established practices, women encounter a variety of barriers impeding their surge to the top of their careers. One of the most significant factors is cultural stereotype. To many CEOs, women cannot compete against their male counterparts because they get pregnant and are responsible for domestic tasks. Therefore, they are placed in dead-end managerial positions with no real potential of reaching the executive suite. Nonetheless, a few women, such as Carleton Fiorina who recently became the president and CEO of Hewlett-Packard Company, have managed to..."

Abstract
This paper explores and discusses the idea of setting up proxy servers to help people circumvent government control of the Internet. The paper explains that currently, some governments (as well as some employers) monitor what people do online. In order to thwart the efforts of certain foreign governments, some Canadian government officials would like to set up numerous proxy servers and then spread the word worldwide about how to find them and use them. The paper notes that the goal would be to help people in China, Saudi Arabia, and other countries circumvent government control of the Internet, allowing greater freedom in the hopes that more freedom online might translate to greater freedom for the people in the future.

From the Paper
"Currently, some governments (as well as some employers) monitor what people do online. In order to thwart the efforts of certain foreign governments, some Canadian government officials would like to set up numerous proxy servers and then spread the word worldwide about how to find them and use them. The goal would be to help people in China, Saudi Arabia, and other countries circumvent government control of the Internet. The intent is to allow for greater freedom, in part on the view that more freedom online might translate to greater freedom for the people in the future. The issue is thus raised as to whether this is a plan that should be pursued and whether it would have the desired effect or a more ..."

Tags:Canada, liberty, China, Saudi, dictatorship

Abstract
This paper explains that Emile Zola, a French novelist and critic, was the founder of the Naturalist movement in the world of literature; "Nana", written in 1880, one of Emile Zola's most profound literary works, exposes the true state of prostitution and sexual exploitation in France. The author points out that Zola rightfully examines the nature of his characters by examining a sexually and politically weakened society, a society that in no way tried to help Nana change herself. The paper relates that, throughout the story, the reader becomes well aware of the circumventing characters of Zola's novel and how they exploit one another to gain what they wanted, even though it was evanescent.

From the Paper
"The book opens by introducing to the audience, Fauchery, a drama critic who is eagerly waiting for his hottest play named "The Blonde Venus" to open in Paris. The play is a conglomeration of bad music and bad actresses in which a new star named Nana is born. Nana appears on the stage in a manner that upholds her audience frenzy. She appears dressed up in diaphanous wraps and escapades the paroxysm caused by her almost nude performance. The author of the novel portrays Nana as a skillful harlot. Through her off scene performance she wins her first lover named Steiner who is a wealthy banker. From here, begins Nana's true escapade of exploiting herself through sex in order to achieve money and a high status among her fellow citizens."

Tags:exploitation, naturalist, political, circumventing, money

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the argument that Bush's actions authorizing the surveillance of citizens are constitutional as they provide for common defense and ensure domestic tranquility. The writer explains that this is the argument put forth by proponents of Bush's orders authorizing secret wiretaps of private citizens and circumventing the established legal process for spying on individuals by the government. The writer discusses that some argue that the executive power vested in Bush allows him to circumvent the very document from which he gains that power, the Constitution itself. The writer claims that this logic is inherently flawed and examines three arguments as to why justifying the constitutionality of Bush's actions in this way is incorrect.

From the Paper
"The second rationale used by supporters of the surveillance program has been a defense of previous instances of constitutional violations in the name of security. The suspension of constitutionally-guaranteed rights during wartime, however, has been used only rarely during the history of our nation, most memorably when Abraham Lincoln ordered the suspension of habeas corpus, or the right to be presented with proof of why one is being incarcerated, during the Civil War. The rights of Japanese Americans were significantly violated during the internments during World War II, with executive blessing, but the government has issued an official apology for this action and deemed it a mistake, offering millions in reparations to the affected citizens and their families. The suspension of any civil liberties requires the most stringent of oversight to ensure that no freedom is unnecessarily violated, and cannot possibly be expected to be conducted fairly through the veil of secrecy under which the wiretapping programs were administered."

Tags:constitution, surveillance, security, constitutional, violations

Abstract
This essay discusses the relationship between the Congress and the President in American government, using the example of George W. Bush and his efforts to expand the powers of the executive branch by circumventing the legislative and judicial branches of government since the events of September 11, 2001.

From the Paper
"When the framers of the U.S. Constitution wrote the document, one of their core beliefs was that in order to protect the republic from tyranny, government power needed limits. One of the framers' biggest concerns was that one or the other of the three branches of government; legislative, executive, judicial, would attempt to usurp the others and upset the balance of powers so carefully crafted into the Constitution. As one historian notes; "It is safe to say that a respect for..."

Tags:Iraq, al-Qaeda, terrorism, CIA, intelligence, House Judiciary Committee, Richard Nixon, Watergate, testimony, policies, extraordinary rendition, executive privilege, national security, unitary executive

Abstract
This paper discusses threats to civil liberties in the United States following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The paper explains that these threats fall into three broad categories: secrecy, erosion of checks and balances, and circumventing long-standing personal privacy protections. The paper discusses the reasons for these changes and how they are affecting American citizens.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Secrecy
Erosion of Basic Checks and Balances
Privacy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The last major threat to civil liberties, since the advent of September 11th, is the reduction of privacy in America. Privacy is one of the most valued of civil liberties for Americans. When asked if they'd be willing to allow the monitoring of telephone and e-mail conversations as a means of increasing national security against terrorism, only 34 percent of respondents were willing to give up this civil liberty (Davis & Silver). The ACLU clearly points out that the blurring of the lines between traditional separation of criminal investigation and intelligence gathering has seriously eroded the public's right to privacy. This is a backwards leap from the progress the country has made over the last four to five decades, when the FBI used programs such as COINTELPRO to harass civil rights leaders and anti-war groups ("Threats to Civil Liberties")."

Tags:secrecy, privacy, security

Abstract
This paper examines President Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus throughout the Civil War. Habeas corpus is the right not to be held or imprisoned without being charged and given a trial. It looks at how Lincoln suspended the right in varying degrees throughout the war and used as a way to protect the Union from insurgents within. It explores how some have charged Lincoln with dictatorship and circumventing the Constitution for doing this. The paper takes on the argument that Lincoln was acting justly and in the best interest of his country. The paper explains each act of suspension, outlines what caused the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, the Act that suspended the writ and what the stipulations were, and also what the outcome was. In addition, it examines the some arrests under the suspension, popular opinion, and the opinion of a Supreme Court judge. The thesis is that President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus for the good of the nation and to protect it from those who wished to do the government harm, and in doing so, held this nation together in its most trying time.

Outline
Lincoln Acts to Protect the Capitol
Getting a Hold on Suspending Habeas Corpus
The Policy Questioned
Lincoln Answers for His Actions
Expanding the Suspension
Congress Supports the President
Lincoln Defends His Policy
Habeas Corpus Suspended Nationwide
The Last Suspension Proclamation

From the Paper
"As the American Civil War began to come to a rolling boil President Lincoln was faced not only with rebels in the South but insurgents within the Union as well. There was no question how to deal with the rebels in the South who took up arms against the government. But those in the North who attacked their government in other ways were another, more difficult issue. One effective way to deal with these insurgents was to detain them for their own safety and for the safety of the nation. But many times this proved difficult because the insurgents could not be formally charged and without being formally charge the writ of habeas corpus allows them not to be detained."

Tags:merryman, rights, taney, congress, north, south

Abstract
This paper discusses gestational diabetes and the genetic/biological predisposition toward the disease during pregnancy. The paper examines the role of nutrition in treating -- or at least in circumventing negative outcomes -- gestational diabetes.

From the Paper
"The American Diabetes Association reports that when glucose intolerance is first diagnosed during pregnancy, the condition is termed gestational diabetes..."

Tags:Gestational, Diabetes, Nutrition

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the United States Constitution with the German Constitution that was adopted in 1949. The paper discusses the historical background of the German constitution, that being one in which the victorious Allies essentially saw that the ideals of democracy and freedom were to be installed into law so that there would be no repeat of political groups circumventing the law to meet their own desires. The paper first discusses the variety of other constitutions that existed in Germany before World War II and the main points behind them. The cultural pride of Germany tended to be the focal point of these legal documents, so the 1949 constitution that was written for Germany sought to incorporate the peaceful cultural tendencies of the German people while at the same time promoting a United States-like democracy in the country. The second part of the paper cites both documents frequently and shows that there are key differences between both constitutions. It is also touched upon that the original German constitution was only adopted by West Germany prior to the collapse of communism in the late 1980s, and there is a brief description of how East Germany functioned before reunification.

From the Paper
"The most notable similarities between the two constitutions are the predominant emphasis on basic human rights and freedoms of the people. The German constitution's first five articles all revolve around the concept of liberty and justice. Article 4 of the German constitution reads, "Freedom of creed, of conscience and freedom to profess a religious or non-religious faith are inviolable". This is directly a reflection of The American Constitution's Amendment One, in which it claims that all citizens have the right to freedom of religion. These human rights from the American constitution were adopted readily by the German public, and the two constitutions share the ideas of human dignity, liberty, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement, the inviolable of the home, and rights of property. "

Tags:democracy, east, europe, freedom, reconstruction, rights, war, west

From the Paper
"Voting has been a major issue for black Americans in this century, although the 15th Amendment, which was ratified in 1870, provides that neither the federal government nor any state shall deny the right to vote on account of race or color. It specifically authorized Congress to enforce its provisions by legislation.. Nevertheless, especially in the South, white people denied blacks the right to vote, using everything from literacy tests to physical harm. In 1965, however, the Voting Rights Act was passed, and it suspended in certain areas the use of literacy tests and similar devices as prerequisites to registration and voting and provided for the appointment of federal examiners to register persons who met valid state voting requirements.. This act was a departure from the acts of 1957- ... "