Abstract This paper explains that Drake is best remembered for battling the Spanish and being the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. The author points out that Drake, called El Draque, meaning "the dragon", by the Spanish, is best known for his piracy of Spanish settlements and ships and his role in defeating the Spanish Armada. The paper describes Drake's adventure through the Strait of Magellan and into the Pacific Ocean to claim areas of North America, called Nova Albion, for Queen Elizabeth; the area included most of Washington, all of Oregon, and a sliver of California.
From the Paper "Sir Francis Drake was Vice Admiral of the English fleet fighting the Spanish Armada. During the Battle of Gravelines, on July 29, 1588 the Armada was defeated by an English naval force under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, France. Prior to the battle, Drake is said to have been playing a game of bowls. On being warned of the approach of the Spanish fleet, Drake reportedly remarked that there was plenty of time to finish the game and still beat the Spaniards. The English later defeated the Spanish on August 4 off Dorset with a fleet under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake. The final battle between the English and the Spanish was off the coast of Flanders and resulted in Spanish retreat."
Abstract This paper discusses the analytic methods used by Torodas in his work on Magellan. The paper points out that the scarcity of literature on the historiography of Magellan presents a problem for Torodas, which he confronts through historical, textual, and meta-analysis of available information. Through these methods, the paper asserts, Torodas assesses conflicts and parallelisms regarding the circumnavigation activities and life of Magellan and, consequently, is able to confront the primary issue in his article, which is to determine Magellan historiography despite its scarcity. The paper concludes by suggesting that Torados's study significantly contributes to the techniques and methods that historians must have to ensure that historiographies are conducted systematically and with rigor.
From the Paper "The Age of Discovery that emerged in the 15th-16th centuries in Europe, led by Spain and Portugal, was marked and characterized by the prevalence of sea navigations to discover new lands or "primitive" societies. These lands and societies were also potential colonies, wherein their territories could be expanded and resources exploited for the economic benefit of European countries. Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese-born Spanish explorer and navigator, played a significant role during this age, mainly because of contributions in establishing Spanish colonies in the islands of the Pacific. However, historiography on Magellan remains scarce despite his contributions and numerous journeys around the world. Torodas confronts this issue by discussing and analyzing related works of literature pertaining to not only the accomplishments and activities of Magellan as navigator and explorer, but also as the first individual to prove (empirically) that the earth is round, giving prestige to European navigation missions."
Tags: historiadores traitor portuguese age of exploration antonio de pigafetta, relation
Abstract Space exploration, born out of the cauldron of the cold war, has brought with it a lasting gift. This gift is exemplified by the first pictures of Earth from outer space taken by Apollo 8 as it circumnavigated the Moon on Christmas day 1968
From the Paper "Deep space Exploration
Introduction: Why Explore?
Space exploration, born out of the cauldron of the cold war, has brought with it a lasting gift. This gift is exemplified by the first pictures of Earth from outer space taken by Apollo 8 as it circumnavigated the Moon on Christmas day 1968. The famous Earth Rise photograph allowed us to see the Earth as a fragile tiny life-giving biosphere amidst the vast hostile environment of the cosmos. It inspired a stunning trans-national vision to see that global cooperation is the essential precondition for our survival.
Even though the exploration of space was spurred by political challenges 30 years past, there are more enduring practical reasons to ..."
Abstract This paper examines how the fifteenth century represents a zenith in global exploration and discovery and perhaps harbours the most dramatic explosion of geographical possibility of any age. It looks at how Christopher Columbus? discovery of the New World, Vasco da Gama's rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Sebastien del Cano's circumnavigation of the globe were all significant steps in the localisation of the fifteenth century world.
From the Paper "The origins of European expansion are seen by many to lie in the capture by the Portuguese of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415 . This foothold on African soil created the potential for European expansion, begun with the Portuguese advancement down the west coast of Africa and ultimately realised in 1498 with Vasco da Gama's rounding of the Cape of Good Hope. The capture of Ceuta is certainly significant in the context of this argument as it helped, in no small part, stimulate the mind of the fifteenth century western European individual towards new ideas of travel, exploration and discovery. However, the increase in physical possibility in the fifteenth century stems not solely from one event, but from a number of ideas and innovations formulated in part over a much longer period."
A discussion of whether the Canadian government should establish proxy servers that would enable people in nations like China and Saudi Arabia to circumvent government control of the Internet.
Abstract This paper asserts that some Canadian government officials believe that Canada should establish proxy servers to help peoples in other parts of the world circumnavigate official repression. The paper posits that the establishment of proxy servers might do wonders at breaking down the control of authoritarian governments and would allow Canada to build its international stature while empowering a huge number of peoples abroad. However, the paper points out that proxy servers appear to be, by default, unencrypted and thus information being exchanged between the proxy and the user can be easily "tapped" into by a third dissident party. In the end, the paper concludes that Canada would do well to leave such matters alone inasmuch as the proxy server plan may endanger lives rather than enrich them.
From the Paper "Still, there are real-life benefits to proxy servers that are appealing to technocrats within the Canadian bureaucracy. For one thing, there are many software packages now available that can "proxy" traffic and that can be configured to operate on non-standard ports. As well, there are now many publicly-accessible proxy servers ("Technical Ways to Get around Censorship," para.2). Consequently, it is easier to set up proxies than ever before and it is easier to access proxy servers than ever before. Thus, the advent of a generation of proxy servers capable of helping private citizens navigate their way around government censorship seems like something that can only help educate (and empower) the public."
Abstract This paper considers the possible reasons for the demise of Othello in Shakespeare's play of the same name and questions whether it was the predictable unwinding of a man under the duress of war, removal from his home, and the conniving of an infamous enemy, or whether his end was just an extension of his own jealousy, and could have been easily circumnavigated were it not for a series of poorly timed events which served to feed that jealousy. The paper explores both possible explanations and concludes that Othello has no one to blame but himself.
From the Paper 'Instead, he falls silent, as if to stop the spiral of jealousy-inspired madness that has dominated the entirety of the play. Iago, the villain mastermind, would be instead the victim who was taking out revenge on a friend who had betrayed him, and not intrinsically responsible for Othello's actions. By falling silent, and keeping his suspicions to himself, he accepts his fate. This is a typical set up by Shakespeare, because only we know of Iago's intent, from the monologue in Act II, to bring about Othello's demise because of his suspected infidelity."
