Abstract
The paper explains that male circumcision refers to the removal of some of the foreskin from the human penis. The paper discusses how this is often done as a religious rite, sometimes shortly after birth, and sometimes around adolescence, as a rite of passage into adulthood, while in more recent years, it has sometimes been done by adult males for a variety of reasons, including health and sexual reasons. The paper notes that more recently, some have speculated that circumcision helps to prevent HIV infection, and this has led to an increase in circumcisions. In this paper, the pros and cons of circumcision are evaluated, and the position is adopted that this is a personal choice that should be left to individuals to make, once they are adults.

From the Paper
"Male circumcision refers to the removal of some of the foreskin from the human penis. This is often done as a religious rite, sometimes shortly after birth, and sometimes around adolescence, as a rite of passage into adulthood. In more recent years, it has sometimes been done by adult males for a variety of reasons, including health and sexual reasons. More recently, some have speculated that circumcision helps to prevent HIV infection, and this has led to an increase in circumcisions. In this paper the pros and cons of circumcision are evaluated, and the position adopted that this is a personal choice that should be left to individuals to make,..."

Tags:circumcision, health, satisfaction

Abstract
This paper tackles the controversial practice of male and female circumcision inherent in various cultures. The author details several types of circumcision for both sexes. Conclusions are drawn by the author at the end of the paper in support of the banning of all circumcision.

From the Paper
"Ritualistic circumcision has been practiced in various cultures for thousands of years. While the definite origins of the procedure are not known, the earliest records of circumcision date as far back as 4000 B.C. in ancient Egypt. Forms of circumcision are performed throughout the world through different methods and for different reasons. Males and females receive forced mutilation of some or all of their genital areas and often do not receive an explanation for the practice. Circumcisions are almost always performed without any form of anesthesia and are very painful. As with many cultural traditions, the practicing population assumes that the operation is customary worldwide and in most groups."

Tags:circumcise, cultural, differences, femal, fgm, genital, mutilation, phobias, sexual, tradition

Abstract
This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of infant circumcision. First, the paper reviews the research supporting neonatal circumcision and the reasons for parents' decisions to circumcise their child. Secondly, the paper looks at the disadvantages of circumcision and possible reasons for parents to decide against having their child circumcised. Lastly the paper presents the author's personal viewpoint on this very controversial practice of neonatal circumcision.

Table of Contents:
The Pros of Circumcision
Cons of Circumcision
Author's Opinion of Infant Circumcision

From the Paper
"Consistent introduction of bacteria results in contamination of urine in uncircumcised boys, which can sometimes necessitate the use of more invasive procedures, such as catheterization, to attain a valid urine specimen from boys who are uncircumcised. Sometimes on an uncircumcised penis the foreskin may be difficult or impossible to retract (phimosis) which can lead to inflammation of the head of the penis, which can create difficulties urinating and in adulthood can make sex very uncomfortable."

Tags:foreskin, phimosis, pain, personal, pediatrician

Abstract
In this paper, the author explores the topic of male circumcision in America and sheds light on the reasons that it is a firm social norm in American society. The author raises the question as to just how and why circumcision came to be so prevalent in American society. To answer these questions the author first explores the historical and religious aspects of circumcision, then the contemporary medical research and debates and concludes with the psychological and sociological aspects of this procedure. He talks in depth about each aspect and concludes that with modern research being arguable either way, circumcision should cease being the silent American tradition and should be brought out of the closet where young parents can have open, reasonable discussions with their doctors. He believes that the American taboo of remaining silent about circumcision should be reversed; after all, he states, it is just foreskin.

From the Paper
"One of the main similarities in these religious practices, and those of present day, is that circumcision almost always seems to take place at birth. It seems rational that modern day techniques simply carried on the Jewish tradition of male circumcision at birth. It seems to have always been hypothesized that infants do not experience pain in the first few days of life, therefore making it seem more reasonable to perform such a painful procedure at birth, rather than later in life. As the centuries progressed, there always seemed to be a medical rational presupposed by society for the Jewish tradition of circumcision. "It is important to note, however, that it was often historians and philosophers who made medical claims for Jewish circumcision rather than Jewish religious leaders."

Tags:religion, masturbation, hygenic, social, ritual, diseases, decline

Abstract
The paper relates that circumcision is completely a matter of personal choice by the parents; parents decide on the procedure for the sake of hygiene, religious beliefs, culture or tradition. The paper discusses how circumcision is actually a very controversial issue with opponents charging that it causes harm and even death while proponents maintain that it has many potential benefits including the prevention of HIV transmission later in life. This paper discusses the evidence about the implications of circumcision. The objective is to demonstrate why circumcision is chosen by families. The paper also explores the nursing role in this situation.

From the Paper
"Circumcision is completely a matter of personal choice by the parents. Parents decide on the procedure for the sake of hygiene, religious beliefs, culture or tradition (Wilson & Lowdermilk, 2006). Circumcision is actually a very controversial issue with opponents charging that its causes harm and even death while proponents maintain that it has many potential benefits including the prevention of HIV transmission later in life. This paper will discuss the evidence about the implications of circumcision. The objective is to demonstrate why circumcision is chosen by families for very good reason. I will also explore the nursing role in..."

Tags:culture, benefits, risks

Abstract
The paper provides a short history of male circumcision and its present day status in the world. It then provides a thorough examination of the arguments for and against circumcision. The paper shows that arguments for circumcision are the health benefits such as the reduction of HIV and penile cancer. Those against male circumcision claim that it is traumatic for the baby and that there is no evidence of health benefits.

From the Paper
"Even though genital mutilation of females under the age of 18 is now a felony crime in the United States, after over 20 years of debate, boys however, are apparently not entitled to equal protection. "This entire legal interpretation, aside from being in conflict with common sense, as well as British and American common law, is also in conflict with existing international law." In the United Nations, the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers has acknowledged that male infant circumcision is, in fact, a form of child abuse. NOCIRC also presents information that male infant circumcision is clearly in violation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights."

Tags:Abraham, balanoposthitis, American, Academy, of, Pediatrics

Abstract
This paper examines the available medical research regarding circumcision in new born male infants. Until recently, parents of newborn males were often faced with a decision concerning their baby that medical experts often promised would have far-reaching consequences. They were told that circumcising their baby would prevent horrible medical maladies, including infections and sexually transmitted diseases. This paper details the advances in medical research which proves that these claims are untrue. The Academy of Pediatrics has actively taken a firm stand against routine circumcision for boys. This paper explores the cultural and religious demands that coerce many parents to continue choosing this particular surgical procedure for their infant sons. This paper also touches on the issue of female circumcision and genital mutilation as well as the related complications.

From the Paper
"Ultimately, based on the medical complications and related consequences of both routine infant circumcision of boys and female genital mutilation of girls, one might wonder why either continues to exist. However, closer looks at both practices indicate that they are similar. Indeed, in the societies where the respective practices exist, problems arising from each are likely to be seen as a normal part of life and may not even be associated with circumcision. The most important reasons, however, probably lie in the social and economic conditions of the lives of those who are subjected to the practices. Still, in considering the complications, sexual hardships and increase of sexually transmitted diseases surrounding both procedures, it is easy to see that both practices are incredibly similar and must be stopped on all humans worldwide immediately."

Tags:health, sexuality, culture, medical, surgery, religion

Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal for examining the problem of female circumcision that still takes place in some countries. The paper looks at the conflict between the argument that female circumcision is a tribal practice that must be carried out and the argument that this is a mutilation of women's bodies that violates their individual rights. The paper also proposes to examine the reasons behind the practice, the true magnitude of the problem and a review of the literature that deals with this issue. The study attempts to shed light on the practice of female circumcision and how prevalent it actually is in many countries, as well as the dangers of it and why the practice should be stopped.

From the Paper
"The practice of female circumcision still goes on in Africa and other areas of the world. It is most prevalent in African countries such as Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Yemen, among others (Djibouti, 2005). There are various reasons why this ritual circumcision takes place, and there are three different types of circumcisions that are performed, depending on the tribal laws and regulations that are accepted in a particular region. It is important here to discuss these types, why this practice still exists, what - if anything - is being done to stop it, and what can be done to change things so that the practice no longer takes place. The main point of conflict for this particular practice is that there is a debate regarding the individual rights of the women versus the tribal identity that they have."

Tags:infilbuation, removal, clitoris, labia, majora, minora, sewing, sides, vulva, opening

Abstract
Circumcision has been a central feature of Jewish culture for more than 3,500 years, symbolic of the newborn male's entry into Jewish tradition. The paper looks at personal and cultural aspects of circumcision, including an interview with a member of this minority culture and analyzes aspects of the ritual in terms of value orientation within the larger culture, including its health care delivery system.

From the Paper
"Jay moved to Los Angeles to go to college, and he has visited his family only twice in the four years he has been at school. The second time was to attend the bris or brit milah, "the covenant of circumcision," for his nephew. When planning the visit, he admits he was slightly annoyed to have to take the time to go home, but he found the experience very moving and started to think about his faith more intensely than he has in awhile. Most of the time, Jay thinks of himself as part of the dominant culture, "but experiences like this remind me that my heritage is a little different," he says. "Even if I don't keep kosher or observe all the practices, I am still a Jew. It's part of who I am, and I should at least think about that more often.""

Tags:culture, ritual, Judaism, kosher, tradition

Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of the Aranda tribe (also called the Arrernte), a group of Aborigines who lived in Central Australia, their rituals and customs . In particular, it examines the rite of circumcision when a boy reached the age of ten to twelve. The ritual takes many months to complete and begins with the men of the camp tossing the boy in the air repeatedly, somewhat like we toss a child in a blanket signifying the boy's long journey into manhood. It also looks at the practice of "totemism," which blends nature with their religious beliefs and how the totem (tjurunga) for the circumcision ceremony was one of their most significant totems.

From the Paper
"The Aranda tribe (also called the Arrernte) is a group of Aborigines who lived in Central Australia. They were the source of the "Dream Time" legends, and lived in a society filled with complex religious and spiritual events. Several anthropologists and scientists studied the tribe around the turn of the 20th century, and documented their rituals and rites. They were hunter-gathers, who did not know how to raise crops until the white man came to Australia. They had complex religious beliefs, which were illustrated by their many rituals and rites, including the many layered rites young men must go though to enter manhood."

Tags:totem, manhood, hunting, women, ritual, rite, aborigine