Abstract
The paper examines thermohaline circulation. The paper deals with what happens if the thermohaline circulation collapses. The paper looks at thermohaline circulation in general; what it does, what could disrupt it, any evidence for disruption and what happens if it is disrupted.

From the Paper
"Global warming is one of the most pressing global environmental issues. There is ample evidence that global warming is occurring and that it will have fundamental effects on global climate. For example, in "Impact of global change and forest management on carbon sequestration in northern forested peatlands" [1]Martin Lavoiet et al note, "The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by 31% since 1750 and is expected to double by the end of the 21st century, reaching 720 ppm (parts per million) (IPCC 2001).""

Tags:climate, ocean, currents

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the hepatic portal system is a specialized venous system formed by tributaries from other organs, primarily the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. The hepatic portal system delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients from the gut to the liver for metabolism. The writer discusses that the hepatic portal system, by virtue of its interconnections with other organs, also serves as a pressure equalization system due to the lack of valves within the portal vein. While the normal flow is from tributary to portal system, this flow can be reversed in certain pathologic conditions where portal blood is diverted towards the inferior vena cava and heart through these tributaries. The writer discusses that this unique characteristic plays a role in the different pathologies indirectly linked to it.

From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."

Tags:anatomy, physiology, circulation

Abstract
A paper on the effect of weightlessness on the circulatory system which proves that zero gravity reduces blood flow in the body causing dizziness and fainting of people on space flights but has no lasting effects once returned to earth.

Tags:weightlessness, blood, circulation

From the Paper
"General circulation models (GCM) are used to evaluate past, present, and future climatic phenomena. Climate consists of a region's prevailing weather. Variations in climate are primarily determined by the combined influences of the atmosphere, the continents, and the oceans. Such effects can both foster and hinder human activities. Consequently, considerable effort has been devoted to climate modeling.

In recent years, GCMs have been the primary tool used for climate simulation. These numerical representations describe climatic change in three-dimensions. The models involve numerous data inputs. In addition, they also require various ... "

Abstract
This paper examines the true significance of Harvey's discovery of the circulation of blood, making the case that this discovery was crucial towards establishing the scientific method that was being advanced by Francis Bacon. The paper notes that this marked the beginning of medical science, which separates itself from traditional medicine, which included the hermetical sciences and folk lore medicine. The paper traces the history of medicine through its traditional phase up to the groundbreaking discovery of Harvey. The paper moves on to consider the role of Paracelsus as forming a bridge to modern medical science, and takes an in-depth look at Bacon's method of induction and examines how it was instrumental in establishing modern medicine. Finally, it shows how the contributions of Harvey and Bacon complement each other in a historically significant way. The paper explains that Harvey's rediscovery of the circulation of blood is significant not only for the fact itself, but more so because it demonstrated the new science of induction. The paper concludes that the contributions of Harvey and Bacon each complemented the other, and together they came to establish experimental science at the heart of society.

From the Paper
'"From such absurdities, Harvey concludes that blood must be circulating through the body (81). He describes two circulatory systems. The pulmonary system circulates blood between the heart and the lungs, while the larger circulation was throughout the body, being carried forth by the arteries, and returning to the heart via the veins. He explained the function of valves as restricting the venous blood from flowing backwards, which he demonstrating by applying a tight ligature to the upper arm. After releasing it, the venous blood would try to flow backwards, but would be blocked at the valves, which showed up as swelled. By applying pressure on the swelling both ways, he demonstrated that the blood could only flow in one direction."

Tags:medical, science, modern, medicine, Paracelsus, Galen, four, humors, induction

Abstract
This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.

From the Paper
"GLOBAL WARMING & OCEAN CIRCULATION

This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.

The circulation of the ocean normally involves the sinking of cold water in higher latitudes and the replacement of that cold water with warm water from lower latitudes (Schneider, 1989). This process allows the inflow of warn surface currents that in turn warm the air above and held maintain relatively ice-free conditions in the higher latitudes (Schneider, 1989, p. 47). These ocean currents cause regions such as western Europe to have moderate climates while other regions at similar latitudes, such as Siberia and northern Canada, have harsh, cold climates. The ..."

Abstract
The paper explains that the weather patterns we are so vulnerable to come from the interaction of three general zones, the Hadley, Polar, and Ferrel cells, which consistently move and maneuver earth around the globe. The paper describes the impact of these three cells but points out that as they fluctuate annually, they are also threatened by global warming that has negatively impacted the natural ecology of the Earth.

From the Paper
"The weather patterns of our Earth are regulated by a vast system of atmospheric conditions which force air and pressure up and down across the globe. The basic structure of the nature of atmospheric conditions comes from a familiar source, the sun; "The central feature of global weather is the redistribution of solar energy that falls unequally on Earth at different latitudes," (Manahan 2006:193). The sun heats up the earth's surface unevenly, causing mixed reactions between the warmer air of the tropics, which are closest to the sun at all times, and the cooler air of the icy poles. The earth moves hot and cold air around to mix them and keep temperature in check and regulate weather patterns. The three cells that dominate over atmospheric circulation have a fluid structure which does vary annually, yet generally stays similar in nature.
"The largest of the three cells and most forceful in climate conditions as we know it is the Hadley Cell. Located over the equator zones, this cell moves hot air u into the atmosphere from the earth's surface, for hot air always rises higher than cooler air. The excess energy caused by the warmth in the air near the equator causes that air to rise until it hits the troposphere, where it "cools by expansion and loss of water, then sinks again," (Manahan 2006:193). This motion of hot air rising, cooling, and sinking again results in a high pressure zone."

Tags:equator, currents, winds, global, warming

Abstract
This paper discusses the hepatic portal system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The fetal circulation, in conjunction with the portal system as well as the important anatomic shunts, are also discussed along with changes to this special type of circulation after birth. The writer also looks at the relevant physiology in relation to these circulation circuits as well as pathological disorders associated with each. The writer concludes that the fetal circulation bears many differences from adult circulation, particularly the presence of two distinct circulation systems, shunts that divert blood from less metabolically-demanding organs, a relatively high right heart blood pressure and relatively high tolerance of fetal circulation towards low oxygen tension.

Outline:
Anatomy
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
Physiology

From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."

Tags:blood, body, fetus, liver

Abstract
The writer explains the causes and effects of the El Nino, which has an ocean warming effect, and the La Nina, which creates unusually cold ocean temperatures. The paper describes how the winds, the ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation affect the natural climatic conditions in the Pacific region. The writer explains the impact these effects have on weather and climate in the United States. The paper examines the effect that climatic changes have on the economy. In conclusion, the paper states that the effects of the El Nino and La Nina create significant changes to the weather patterns, which are naturally created and affected, by changes in sea temperatures.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Causes
Ocean Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulations
- During Normal Conditions
- Conditions During El Ni?o
- Conditions During La Ni?a
Effects of El Nino and La Nina
Impact on Weather and Climatic Changes
Impact on Economy
Ecological Impact
Conclusion
Bibliography
References

From the Paper
"Under "normal" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west, collecting warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters down the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a predominantly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that "radiate" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast area of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are dispersed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Ni?o, this situation is interrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and permits the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator decline, and the trade winds lessen even more."

Tags:geography, weather, el, nino, la, nina, pacific, ocean, warm, current, cold, current, temperatures, climate, equator, ocean, surface, temperature, atmospheric, circulations

Abstract
This paper answers a number of specific questions about the cardiovascular system, some of them structural, but many of them tracing blood flow paths through the body. A discussion of the systemic, pulmonary, and fetal circulations is included as well.

From the Paper
"The pulmonary circulation takes de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where it is re-oxygenated and returned to the left atrium. From here it passes into the left ventricle. The systemic circulation pumps blood from the left ventricle out to the rest of the body where it delivers oxygen to the tissues and picks up carbon dioxide for discharge from the body by the lungs. It returns the de- oxygenated blood to the right atrium. From here the blood passes into the right ventricle and into the..."

Tags:cardiovascular system, pulmonary circulation, fetal citculation