Abstract The paper examines thermohaline circulation. The paper deals with what happens if the thermohaline circulation collapses. The paper looks at thermohaline circulation in general; what it does, what could disrupt it, any evidence for disruption and what happens if it is disrupted.
From the Paper "Global warming is one of the most pressing global environmental issues. There is ample evidence that global warming is occurring and that it will have fundamental effects on global climate. For example, in "Impact of global change and forest management on carbon sequestration in northern forested peatlands" [1]Martin Lavoiet et al note, "The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by 31% since 1750 and is expected to double by the end of the 21st century, reaching 720 ppm (parts per million) (IPCC 2001).""
Abstract A paper on the effect of weightlessness on the circulatory system which proves that zero gravity reduces blood flow in the body causing dizziness and fainting of people on space flights but has no lasting effects once returned to earth.
Abstract This paper discusses the hepatic portal system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The fetal circulation, in conjunction with the portal system as well as the important anatomic shunts, are also discussed along with changes to this special type of circulation after birth. The writer also looks at the relevant physiology in relation to these circulation circuits as well as pathological disorders associated with each. The writer concludes that the fetal circulation bears many differences from adult circulation, particularly the presence of two distinct circulation systems, shunts that divert blood from less metabolically-demanding organs, a relatively high right heart blood pressure and relatively high tolerance of fetal circulation towards low oxygen tension.
Outline:
Anatomy
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
Physiology
From the Paper "The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."
Abstract The writer explains the causes and effects of the El Nino, which has an ocean warming effect, and the La Nina, which creates unusually cold ocean temperatures. The paper describes how the winds, the ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation affect the natural climatic conditions in the Pacific region. The writer explains the impact these effects have on weather and climate in the United States. The paper examines the effect that climatic changes have on the economy. In conclusion, the paper states that the effects of the El Nino and La Nina create significant changes to the weather patterns, which are naturally created and affected, by changes in sea temperatures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Causes
Ocean Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulations - During Normal Conditions
- Conditions During El Ni"o
- Conditions During La Ni"a
Effects of El Nino and La Nina
Impact on Weather and Climatic Changes
Impact on Economy
Ecological Impact
Conclusion
Bibliography
References
From the Paper "Under "normal" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west, collecting warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters down the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a predominantly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that "radiate" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast area of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are dispersed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Ni?o, this situation is interrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and permits the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator decline, and the trade winds lessen even more."
Abstract This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.
From the Paper "GLOBAL WARMING & OCEAN CIRCULATION
This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.
The circulation of the ocean normally involves the sinking of cold water in higher latitudes and the replacement of that cold water with warm water from lower latitudes (Schneider, 1989). This process "allows the inflow of warn surface currents that in turn warm the air above and held maintain relatively ice-free conditions" in the higher latitudes (Schneider, 1989, p. 47). These ocean currents cause regions such as western Europe to have moderate climates while other regions at similar latitudes, such as Siberia and northern Canada, have harsh, cold climates. The ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the characteristics of "The New York Post" and "USA Today" and shows how they are two of the America's major newspapers. Both are competing with each other and with other newspapers to increase their circulation and revenue. The paper discusses how in this competition, both have several competitive advantages.
From the Paper "One of USA Today's greatest competitive advantages is that the paper has a strong national brand and is favored by many upscale advertisers, such as De Beers and Tiffany (Gannett). As television stations focus on niche markets, advertisers are spending more of their money to reach USA Today's affluent readers. Advertising revenues were up by 17% at USA Today in 1999 (Gannett). With a market share of 12%, USA Today is the largest-selling daily newspaper in the country, enjoying a readership of 2,200,000 (Gannett, Stein). Advertisers like being able to reach so many people. USA Today recently started advertising at the bottom of its front page, attracting a big account from AT&T (Gannett). Today, the newspaper is tops in advertising and audience growth among national newspapers (Gannett)."
Tags:circulation, revenue, press, newspaper, business, marketing, media
This paper discusses the use and evaluation of General Circulation Models as climatic simulations in environmental science: Definition, significance, development, problems, approximations, form and function. Abstract.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 18 sources, 1995, $ 135.95
From the Paper "General circulation models (GCM) are used to evaluate past, present, and future climatic phenomena. Climate consists of a region's prevailing weather. Variations in climate are primarily determined by the combined influences of the atmosphere, the continents, and the oceans. Such effects can both foster and hinder human activities. Consequently, considerable effort has been devoted to climate modeling.
In recent years, GCMs have been the primary tool used for climate simulation. These numerical representations describe climatic change in three-dimensions. The models involve numerous data inputs. In addition, they also require various ... "
Abstract This paper explains that, founded in 1892 and purchased by Conde Nast in 1909, "Vogue" has become a titillating and provocative periodical, which arouses as much as it informs; and, yet, the magazine has stayed true to its original focus of women's fashion. The author points out that "Vogue" has an online presence at "Style.com", which is the online home to Conde Nast titles "Vogue" and "W" and offers a high-end, e-commerce store. The paper relates that the magazine has shown its adaptability and willingness to meet the needs of consumers; driving revenues has proven very successful because circulation numbers have increased not only for "Vogue" but also for other Conde Nast Publications' magazines.
From the Paper "In 1909, Conde Nast, who had just four years earlier gained control of Home Pattern Company, purchased Vogue and built a foundation under the magazine that many credit with its longevity. Nast's vision for his magazines not only increased circulation but helped to develop the concept of niche selling for the magazine industry. With an idea of what the magazine could be, Nast included stories not just about fashion but about politics, the arts and entertainment. With the appeal of the magazine broadened, Nast further enhanced the publication with pictorials of models wearing appealing fashions."
Abstract This paper details the strengths and weaknesses of "The Financial Times" an international business newspaper. Several of the strengths cited in this report include the paper's strong brand-name and solid reputation for scrupulous and reliable reporting while its weaknesses include difficulties in raising circulation numbers while trying to compete with its main rival "The Wall Street Journal." This paper supplies a concise analysis into the current standing of the "Financial Times" by focusing on the results of seven specific studies including the SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis and Michael Porter's Five Forces Analysis. This paper delves into the various opportunities and strategies available to the 'Financial Times" that will invariably improve the current standing of the publication such as expansion into existing global markets. The writer of this paper contends and explains how and why the "Financial Times" must learn to diversify and adapt to the global market if it intends to remain a prominent and respected publication. This paper also contains an graph illustrating the "Financial Times" standing in the global media market.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
SWOT Analysis
PESTEL Analysis
Michael Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Michael Porter's Generic Strategies
Michael Porter's Value Chain
The Boston Matrix
Ansoff Matrix
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Michael Porter's Generic Strategies are: Cost leadership, differentiation, cost focus, and differentiation focus. Financial Times has successfully utilized an industry wide differentiation strategy. They have touted themselves as the most reliable news source in the industry. And, by utilizing pieces like the FT PM, they have further differentiated themselves from many of the competitors who do not offer this teaser preview sheet. Michael Porter's Value Chain analysis involves analyzing: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. Financial Times' inbound logistics include their newsgathering facets. The organization has a staff of qualified reporters and editors that are in control of the input materials."
Abstract This paper explains that the American International Group--AIG, the world's largest insurer--was reported to have arranged deals to manipulate financial figure in its own records and those of General Re, a reinsurance company, resulting in financial fraud during the autumn of 2000. The author points out that AIG also was involved in another accounting fraud with Brightpoint Inc., which was reported by the Securities and Exchange Commission in 2003; AIG worked closely with the Brightpoint people to tailor an alleged insurance policy that let Brightpoint overstate its earnings by an amazing 61% in a cash circulation deal from Brightpoint to AIG and again back to Brightpoint. The paper defines receivables are monies due from the customers, which are tallied by invoices and happen due to operating cycle's process of selling inventory or services on terms that permit delivery before cash is collected.
Table of Contents
The General Re Fraud
The Brightpoint Fraud
Cash & Accrual Basis of Accounting
Receivables and Inventory
Fixed and Intangible Assets
Liability & Stockholders Equity
From the Paper "Under the cash method of accounting, the books are maintained on the actual cash flow. Income is recorded on its receipt and expenses enter the books on their actual payment. Whereas majority of the businesses use the accrual basis, the most correct method for the company depends on the sales volume, credit policy of the company and business structure. In case of the accrual method, income & expenses are recorded while they occur, notwithstanding whether there has been exchange of cash and an example of this is sale on credit. Accrual method is appropriate when the annual sales are more than $5 million and the business is a corporate organization. Besides, it is suggested that while selling on credit, matching of income and expenses during a given period must be done."
Abstract This paper describes the circulation of blood through the body and the heart in detail, naming all the vessels and parts of the heart. It looks at inflammation and blood clotting, and the role of the circulatory system in maintaining homeostasis in the body.
From the Paper "An oxygenated red blood cell enters the ascending aorta and passes into the descending aorta then into the left iliac artery to the left femoral artery finally arriving at the knee still in its oxygenated state. Once there, the oxygenated red blood cell travels into small arteries which supply blood to the knee and into arterioles which are even smaller arteries. These pass the oxygenated red blood cell along to the capillaries where the oxygen it is carrying along with nutrients..."
Abstract This paper answers a number of specific questions about the cardiovascular system, some of them structural, but many of them tracing blood flow paths through the body. A discussion of the systemic, pulmonary, and fetal circulations is included as well.
From the Paper "The pulmonary circulation takes de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where it is re-oxygenated and returned to the left atrium. From here it passes into the left ventricle. The systemic circulation pumps blood from the left ventricle out to the rest of the body where it delivers oxygen to the tissues and picks up carbon dioxide for discharge from the body by the lungs. It returns the de- oxygenated blood to the right atrium. From here the blood passes into the right ventricle and into the..."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the importance of predictive maintenance, otherwise known as condition monitoring, on HVAC systems. The paper focuses on chillers and cooling water circulation pumps and motors. The paper discusses how in the past, conventional maintenance approaches frequently resulted in equipment downtime as the result of faulty preventative maintenance systems; equipment would experience repeated failures due to over-capacity or design flaws that were not identified prior to being placed into operation.
Outline:
Background and Overview
Predictive Maintenance (Condition Monitoring) of HVAC Systems
Chillers and Cooling Water Circulation Pumps and Motors
Summary
From the Paper "The need to identify better maintenance techniques is also congruent with the observation by Frendedall and his colleagues that, "Over the past decade there has been increased recognition that in a world class organization, maintenance is not a separate, isolated function that makes repairs and performs assorted activities as needed. Rather, maintenance is a full partner striving together with the other functions to achieve the firm's strategic goals." In the past, conventional maintenance approaches frequently resulted in equipment downtime as the result of faulty preventative maintenance systems; equipment would experience repeated failures due to over-capacity or design flaws that were not identified prior to being placed into operation. According to Thatcher, "In each case, the fix is a relatively simple one. Once discovered, however, the cost to replace or repair it can have a major impact on the organization's ability to continue to produce." The reference to "strategic" is a common theme in the scholarly literature concerning appropriate predictive maintenance regimens, and these issues are discussed further below."
A report on the condition referred to as "hypoplastic left heart syndrome" (HLHS), which occurs when the systemic or left ventricle does not develop adequately.
Abstract The paper discusses "hypoplastic left heart syndrome" which basically is a heterogeneous group of cardiac malformations consisting of various degrees of underdevelopment of the left heart and the aorta. This results is significant obstruction of blood flow to the systemic circulation, and difficulty in the left section of the heart supporting this circulation. The paper discusses the incidence, options and therapeutic solutions to the problem. The paper concludes that knowledge of the condition prior to birth means that babies who are to undergo surgery present in an optimal condition for these procedures.
Outline:
Introduction and Background
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Therapeutic Options
Norwood Operation
Cardiac Replacement
Biventricular Repair
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Norwood operation to management of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a staged surgical palliation. The first stage, which is usually performed in the first week of life, consists of reconstruction of the aortic arch, using the main pulmonary artery as a single outlet from the right ventricle of the heart. (Norwood, Lang, Hansen, 23) The second stage of the Norwood protocol involves surgical anastamosis of the superior vena cava to the pulmonary arteries."
From the Paper "Money supply is an important economic indicator in every economic system. Central Banks impact the economy through the money supply. In the United States there are several measures of the money supply that the Federal Reserve Board can adjust when using active monetary policy."
