Abstract
The paper examines thermohaline circulation. The paper deals with what happens if the thermohaline circulation collapses. The paper looks at thermohaline circulation in general; what it does, what could disrupt it, any evidence for disruption and what happens if it is disrupted.

From the Paper
"Global warming is one of the most pressing global environmental issues. There is ample evidence that global warming is occurring and that it will have fundamental effects on global climate. For example, in "Impact of global change and forest management on carbon sequestration in northern forested peatlands" [1]Martin Lavoiet et al note, "The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by 31% since 1750 and is expected to double by the end of the 21st century, reaching 720 ppm (parts per million) (IPCC 2001).""

Tags:climate, ocean, currents

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the hepatic portal system is a specialized venous system formed by tributaries from other organs, primarily the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. The hepatic portal system delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients from the gut to the liver for metabolism. The writer discusses that the hepatic portal system, by virtue of its interconnections with other organs, also serves as a pressure equalization system due to the lack of valves within the portal vein. While the normal flow is from tributary to portal system, this flow can be reversed in certain pathologic conditions where portal blood is diverted towards the inferior vena cava and heart through these tributaries. The writer discusses that this unique characteristic plays a role in the different pathologies indirectly linked to it.

From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."

Tags:anatomy, physiology, circulation

Abstract
A paper on the effect of weightlessness on the circulatory system which proves that zero gravity reduces blood flow in the body causing dizziness and fainting of people on space flights but has no lasting effects once returned to earth.

Tags:weightlessness, blood, circulation

From the Paper
"General circulation models (GCM) are used to evaluate past, present, and future climatic phenomena. Climate consists of a region's prevailing weather. Variations in climate are primarily determined by the combined influences of the atmosphere, the continents, and the oceans. Such effects can both foster and hinder human activities. Consequently, considerable effort has been devoted to climate modeling.

In recent years, GCMs have been the primary tool used for climate simulation. These numerical representations describe climatic change in three-dimensions. The models involve numerous data inputs. In addition, they also require various ... "

Abstract
This paper examines the true significance of Harvey's discovery of the circulation of blood, making the case that this discovery was crucial towards establishing the scientific method that was being advanced by Francis Bacon. The paper notes that this marked the beginning of medical science, which separates itself from traditional medicine, which included the hermetical sciences and folk lore medicine. The paper traces the history of medicine through its traditional phase up to the groundbreaking discovery of Harvey. The paper moves on to consider the role of Paracelsus as forming a bridge to modern medical science, and takes an in-depth look at Bacon's method of induction and examines how it was instrumental in establishing modern medicine. Finally, it shows how the contributions of Harvey and Bacon complement each other in a historically significant way. The paper explains that Harvey's rediscovery of the circulation of blood is significant not only for the fact itself, but more so because it demonstrated the new science of induction. The paper concludes that the contributions of Harvey and Bacon each complemented the other, and together they came to establish experimental science at the heart of society.

From the Paper
'"From such absurdities, Harvey concludes that blood must be circulating through the body (81). He describes two circulatory systems. The pulmonary system circulates blood between the heart and the lungs, while the larger circulation was throughout the body, being carried forth by the arteries, and returning to the heart via the veins. He explained the function of valves as restricting the venous blood from flowing backwards, which he demonstrating by applying a tight ligature to the upper arm. After releasing it, the venous blood would try to flow backwards, but would be blocked at the valves, which showed up as swelled. By applying pressure on the swelling both ways, he demonstrated that the blood could only flow in one direction."

Tags:medical, science, modern, medicine, Paracelsus, Galen, four, humors, induction

Abstract
This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.

From the Paper
"GLOBAL WARMING & OCEAN CIRCULATION

This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.

The circulation of the ocean normally involves the sinking of cold water in higher latitudes and the replacement of that cold water with warm water from lower latitudes (Schneider, 1989). This process allows the inflow of warn surface currents that in turn warm the air above and held maintain relatively ice-free conditions in the higher latitudes (Schneider, 1989, p. 47). These ocean currents cause regions such as western Europe to have moderate climates while other regions at similar latitudes, such as Siberia and northern Canada, have harsh, cold climates. The ..."

Abstract
The paper explains that the weather patterns we are so vulnerable to come from the interaction of three general zones, the Hadley, Polar, and Ferrel cells, which consistently move and maneuver earth around the globe. The paper describes the impact of these three cells but points out that as they fluctuate annually, they are also threatened by global warming that has negatively impacted the natural ecology of the Earth.

From the Paper
"The weather patterns of our Earth are regulated by a vast system of atmospheric conditions which force air and pressure up and down across the globe. The basic structure of the nature of atmospheric conditions comes from a familiar source, the sun; "The central feature of global weather is the redistribution of solar energy that falls unequally on Earth at different latitudes," (Manahan 2006:193). The sun heats up the earth's surface unevenly, causing mixed reactions between the warmer air of the tropics, which are closest to the sun at all times, and the cooler air of the icy poles. The earth moves hot and cold air around to mix them and keep temperature in check and regulate weather patterns. The three cells that dominate over atmospheric circulation have a fluid structure which does vary annually, yet generally stays similar in nature.
"The largest of the three cells and most forceful in climate conditions as we know it is the Hadley Cell. Located over the equator zones, this cell moves hot air u into the atmosphere from the earth's surface, for hot air always rises higher than cooler air. The excess energy caused by the warmth in the air near the equator causes that air to rise until it hits the troposphere, where it "cools by expansion and loss of water, then sinks again," (Manahan 2006:193). This motion of hot air rising, cooling, and sinking again results in a high pressure zone."

Tags:equator, currents, winds, global, warming

Abstract
This paper discusses the hepatic portal system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The fetal circulation, in conjunction with the portal system as well as the important anatomic shunts, are also discussed along with changes to this special type of circulation after birth. The writer also looks at the relevant physiology in relation to these circulation circuits as well as pathological disorders associated with each. The writer concludes that the fetal circulation bears many differences from adult circulation, particularly the presence of two distinct circulation systems, shunts that divert blood from less metabolically-demanding organs, a relatively high right heart blood pressure and relatively high tolerance of fetal circulation towards low oxygen tension.

Outline:
Anatomy
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
Physiology

From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."

Tags:blood, body, fetus, liver

Abstract
It was hypothesized that if nitric oxide (NO) was involved in the temperature and humidity conditioning of nasal air, then its release from the nasal passages into the lumen of the upper respiratory airway should vary between inhalation and exhalation. The author of this paper further hypothesized that nasal nitric oxide release varies during wakefulness and sleep, being decreased at night due to both a reduction in nitric oxide release into the nasal passages and increased uptake of NO by the lower respiratory tract. The paper shows that through human testing and modeling, the release of NO was shown to be greater upon inhalation than exhalation. It discusses that since this is contrary to passive physics there must be an active mechanism behind this process which preserves nasal patency and conditions nasal air.

From the Paper
"Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous compound with important functions in the immune, nervous, and cardiopulmonary systems. In the respiratory tract it plays a role in ciliary beat frequency, mucus secretion, bronchodilation and vasodilation(1). Endogenously produced nitric oxide has been found in the exhaled air of humans and the majority of exhaled NO originates in the nasal passages(2). As a nonpolar molecule, it has a low solubility in comparison to other gases. Its Henry's Law constant koH (mol/kg*bar) is reported to be 0.0019 by Lide and Frederikse(3). This low solubility in combination with a concentration gradient drives the NO out of the nasal mucosa and into the airway. "

Tags:hysiologic, respiration, microvascularture, anastomotic, blood

From the Paper
"Money supply is an important economic indicator in every economic system. Central Banks impact the economy through the money supply. In the United States there are several measures of the money supply that the Federal Reserve Board can adjust when using active monetary policy."

Tags:banking, money, checks, supply