Abstract The paper defines a codependent person as one who has allowed another person's behavior to affect him and who is obsessed with controlling that person's behavior. The paper discusses the need to develop a sense of self so we do not in effect turn it over to someone else. The paper looks at the works of Carl Rogers and Erik Erikson's eight stages of development, specifically, the stage of intimacy versus isolation. Finally, the paper looks at the approach of Gestalt therapy and the idea of circular causality.
Outline:
Introduction
The Sense of Self
Adult Development
Gestalt Theory
Circular Causality and Reciprocity
From the Paper "Codependents are people who are more bound with the problems and lives of other people than they are with their own. Codependents are described here as victims of other people who have such problems as alcoholism, obsessive gambling, workaholism, or some other affliction that makes them too dependent on a loved one, someone close to the afflicted person who suffers in their own way as a consequence. Beattie (1987) provides a history of the concept of codependency and the development of the term in psychology, deciding finally that a codependent person is one who has allowed another person's behavior to affect him or her and who is obsessed with controlling that person's behavior. The author then details the characteristics of codependency before turning to the main thrust of the book, which is how to overcome codependency."
Abstract This paper analyzes Tennyson's poem "The Lady of Shalott" according to Plato's philosophy of mimesis, and the deceiving nature of poetry. The paper ultimately determines Plato's philosophy to be circular in that it predetermines the interpretation of poetry.
From the Paper "In his philosophical texts Ion and The Republic, Plato expresses his disdain for the lack of original thought and truth in poetic expression. Giving it the label mimesis, or imitation, he dismisses poetry from his ideal State, insisting that it leads to false knowledge. It attempts to copy truths, but perverts these truths by appealing to the sensuous faculties of the mind, rather than the reasoning faculty. He concludes that poets do not create but imitate, thus their imitations do not necessarily correspond to truth. As a result of poetry's distance from truth, Plato deduces that poetry leads to the miseducation of youth, teaching them bad characteristics and habits. Ultimately, they will develop into bad citizens. Plato's philosophy of poetry, however, affects the interpretations of poems, almost forcing them to assume a negative meaning that may not necessarily exist. Alfred Tennyson's poem "The Lady of Shalott" demonstrates this change in meaning when interpreted according to Plato's philosophy, transforming the solution of the problem presented in the poem. Instead of pointing towards literature as a way to escape solitary isolation, insanity serves as the only solace from isolation. This change in the interpretation directly results from Plato's establishment of poetry as an unreliable source of truth, which further results in proving Plato's notion that poetry promotes characteristics which negatively affect the well-being of the State. In the case of the Tennyson poem, insanity presents itself as the only solution to overcoming isolation. This interpretation of the poem emerges after assuming that the poem does not aim at truth. Thus, Plato makes poetry harmful to the State through his own notion that poetry betrays truth."
This paper analyzes D. J. D'Amico and W. Block's article "A Legal and Economic Analysis of Graffiti", presented at Grove City College (2004), which argues for the legalization of graffiti.
1,735 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 0 sources, 2005, $ 56.95
Abstract This paper explains that D'Amico (the primary author) commits many logical fallacies throughout his paper thus making his conclusions completely erroneous. The author stresses that the assumption of an unjust government, upon which D'Amico's entire argument hinges, is false because he begins by likening all governments to the "unjust government". D'Amico argues, using the non sequitur that because one has the right or even duty to "abolish" such a government, it follows that one has the right to "deface government property". The paper concludes that D'Amico's entire argument is circular reasoning because he claims that graffiti artists are taking back private property based on the fact that the government has stolen the private property and then he justifies his claim that the government has stolen the private property because it belongs to the graffiti artists who have homesteaded it.
From the Paper "D'Amico continues to pursue this false analogy by using the "just war theory" to justify graffiti and by doing so commits yet another fallacy. D'Amico admits that, "although the theory applies, explicitly, only to governments, let us she how a non governmental "war" matches up against these criteria." By his own admission, the just war theory explicitly states that it should not be applied to anything other than governments yet D'Amico insists on applying it to graffiti. Governments have the obligation to protect citizens and are thus not acting in its own self interest. This element is something that can never be reproduced in a graffiti artist."
Abstract This paper first looks at the limitations of franchising the Embassy Suites Hotels corporation. Then, the paper shows a long list of items on the corporation's Uniform Franchise Offering Circular, or UFOC and explains and details as to what exactly they might mean for the prospective franchisee and hotel owner. Finally, a conclusion is made, based upon the proposed relationship and financial benefits and liabilities, including the sources that have been studied.
From the Paper "This paper will discuss and dissect the issue of the limitations of the Embassy Suites Hotels corporation's franchise program and its Uniform Franchise Offering Circular (UFOC). This document is one that is offered up to potential owners and purchasers of franchises at least ten days before said purchase. The purpose of this circular is to best educate and inform potential franchisees of this, or any, hotel corporation just what limitations there are within said corporation and what liabilities these limitations might pose for franchisees and their franchises. The second section will discuss the various items that a franchisor is required to divulge in the UFOC and these items will be studied on the current UFOC from Embassy Suites Hotels. The first set of items to be listed on the Embassy Suites UFOC are those numbered 1 through 4."
Abstract This paper explains that the plot of Nicholas Sparks' "Message in a Bottle" follows the true life story of Sparks' father. The author points out that this novel makes use of the leitmotif of a message in a bottle, which was thrown in the sea and left to the mercy of the waves and of chance. The paper relates that these love messages, written by Garret Blake to his deceased wife Catherine and put afloat in bottles contain the most important statements the author makes about love and trigger the further developments of the plot.
Outline:
Love in the Context of Life and Death in the Novel
The Leitmotif of the Message in a Bottle Thrown at Sea
Makes the Transition from the Old Love Story to the New Love Story
Forms the Lyrical Core of the Novel and Serves as a Confession of Love
Serves to Prove the Role that Chance Plays in Finding True Love
The Place of Love in Life
Lovers Often Use the Word "Forever" to Describe Their Love, Suggesting that Death is an Obstacle in the Course of Love
True Love Can Happen More Times during a Life- Span Due to Man's Inner Capacity to Love
Negative Criticism of the Novel
Loose, Unrealistic Plot
Tearjerker
Symbolic Meaning of the Novel
Love can be Destructive
Death and the Chances of Life Interfere with the Course of Love
True Love Seems to be Ill-Fated
Loss Happens Two Times in the Novel- Garret loses Catherine, then Theresa loses Garret.
Love has a Regenerating Power
Love can Happen after Loss
Novel's Circular Structure
Proof of the Regenerating Power of Love
From the Paper "The human capacity for loving is proven as unquenchable: love can follow again even after the deepest relationship, although this feeling may be frustrating, as we see in Garret's case who finds it very hard to accept the death of his wife and to love again. Thus, love, life and death appear are very much connected in the novel, revealing an essential fact about the human condition: life and love seem to be somewhat in conflict all through the human existence. Man is first of all given life to, and his life span is delimited by destiny."
Abstract This paper shows how the "One Hundred Years of Solitude" juxtaposes real and imagined linear time with circular time. It addresses such questions as: What are the distinct differences between these two worlds (reality and linear time vs. imagination and circular time), what is learned by placing them together, and why does the novel do so?
From the Paper "The novel opens with a flashback, which immediately sets the mood, and announces to the reader that time is going to be an important ? even vital part of this novel. The story manages to blend then juxtapose real time, linear time, and circular time in such a way to sometimes confuse the reader, but the outcome is magical and fantastic, and the novel seems real and unreal at the same time. This blending of real and magical is called "magic realism," and Marquez employed it throughout the novel to create the feelings of time and space which flow through the chapters."
Tags: imagination, magic, realism, space, buendia, family, village, macondo, travel
The history and development of the architecture of the Roman theater building. An in-depth look at how the ancient Romans borrowed heavily from the Greek example, but improved upon it to create a building that was uniquely Roman.
Abstract The paper discusses in great detail the evolution of the Roman theater, beginning from the Greek wooden origins to the stone monuments that became iconic with Roman architecture during the Republic and the Empire. A brief history of theater is discussed in the beginning of the paper, with special attention given to the religious implications of how theaters were originally set up. The importance of the orchestra and "skene" are given historical background, dating back to early Dionysian worship. The layout of the early Greek theaters are discussed, with a complete layout included that describes the circular performance area, the seating arrangements, background adjustments and a rudimentary stage. The rest of the paper deals with how the Romans, eager to take the art of theater from being a religious practice to more of an entertainment value for the masses, incorporated their own unique designs to the Greek theater layout to create a more efficient and clearly Roman design. Heavy attention is give to Vitruvius and his work " De Architectura" which provides a step-by-step process in which Roman theaters were built. Improvements are discussed from eliminating the completely circular stage to a half-circle, as well as creating an official stage that persists in modern theatrical performances. The paper takes each part of the theater and discusses the area extensively in terms of what the Romans did to improve upon or change from the early Greek models.
From the Paper "Ancient Rome's concept of art and architecture was heavily influenced by the cultures that the Romans had conquered, but were in no way identical copies of the art that existed in those subjugated areas. The Romans excelled at taking artistic ideas from other civilizations and molding them into a form that could undoubtedly be identified as uniquely Roman. This technique can easily be seen in practice when one examines the Roman theater building. Roman theaters can be found throughout the area that used to be the Roman Empire, with remnants of theaters all over Europe and the Mediterranean. These theaters have details and building techniques that are exclusive to Roman designs, but when they are viewed in comparison with ancient Greek theaters, one can clearly see where the Romans received their inspiration."
Abstract The paper presents a detailed summary of Ackoff's background. The author states the book is a very simple sketch of the implementation of systems approach. The author summarizes that there is a pressing need to revamp the kinds of systems found in America, from our business schools to our boardrooms. The chapters of the book are abstracted. The paper closes with a detailed discussion of Ackoff's systems analysis.
From the Paper "We are all aware that American corporations need fixing, and there is no dearth of recommendations: copy the Japanese, pursue the pattern of thriving firms, or perform restructuring. However, these tactics do not work very well, states Russell Ackoff, since they only tackle the dilemma gradually, and it is the whole system of American business that is blemished."
Abstract "In Edmund Goulding's Grand Hotel (1932) the main set, the hotel's lobby, has a circular reception desk at its center. Around the desk Cedric Gibbons designed a bold pattern of alternating black and white squares that resolve into increasingly extended diamonds as the pattern turns into a vortex with the desk as its center.
From the Paper "In Edmund Goulding's Grand Hotel (1932) the main set, the hotel's lobby, has a circular reception desk at its center. Around the desk Cedric Gibbons designed a bold pattern of alternating black and white squares that resolve into increasingly extended diamonds as the pattern turns into a vortex with the desk as its center. Circular movement around the hub of the desk is the guiding structural principle of the film. This principle literalizes the desk's allegorical standing as the center around which the characters' lives revolve. The film's metaphor of the gigantic urban hotel as a microcosm of life relies on this central point of reference. The Grand Hotel itself is an enclosed world--the scenes are seldom enacted outside it and are always attached its exterior. The building, especially in dramatic process shots of its internal balconies..."
Abstract "Witchcraft is generally -- if circularly -- defined as the exercise of supernatural powers by people who call themselves witches. This paper examines something of the history of witchcraft in Europe, looking particularly at how ideas about witchcraft were connected at different times with ideas about Christian orthodoxy and particularly about gender.
From the Paper "Witchcraft is generally -- if circularly -- defined as the exercise of supernatural powers by people who call themselves witches. This paper examines something of the history of witchcraft in Europe, looking particularly at how ideas about witchcraft were connected at different times with ideas about Christian orthodoxy and particularly about gender.
Before beginning a discussion of European witchcraft, it should be noted that witchcraft is most certainly not simply a European phenomenon but is worldwide in scope, being as common in Africa and Polynesia as it is in France. Modern scholars (particularly anthropologists and folklorists, the two groups of scholars most likely to study witchcraft) distinguish between simple sorcery, the alleged cults of diabolical witches of the Middle Ages, and the modern neo-pagan movement. "
Abstract This paper analyzes Rene Descartes' works, Meditations I, II and III, illustrating his arguments proving the existence of God. The paper outlines Descartes' use of a circular argument, using the existence of God as a basis for proving that his clear and distinct ideas result from the existence and nature of God as non-treacherous. The paper discusses Descartes' arguments, presenting their failure in proving God's existence.
From the Paper "In Meditations III, Rene Descartes attempts to prove in the existence of God. In essence, Descartes argues that God exists because his mind can conceive of God. There are numerous reasons that Descartes? proof for the existence of God fails. First, Descartes uses a circular argument, using the existence of God as a basis for proving that his clear and distinct ideas result from the existence and nature of God as non-treacherous. In addition, Descartes never considers that a truly benign and good God could conceivably mislead humans if there were some aspect of the world too horrific for them to know."
Abstract Analysis of two poems on the subject of sex. John Donne's "THE FLEA," and Andrew Marvell's "TO HIS COY MISTRESS." Donne's use of religious imagery and circular argument. Marvell's use of land as a metaphor, and exaggerated imagery. Common subject of male character seeking sexual union with a specific female.
From the Paper "The subject of John Donne's 'The Flea' and Andrew Marvell's 'To His Coy Mistress' is the pursuit of elusive sexual congress between consenting adults. In each particular poem, the main character, utilizing the voice of the male gender, seeks union for a night of uncontrollable passion with a specific female object of affection. Donne uses religious imagery within his poem, while Marvell uses the metaphor of land. In Marvell's poem, he likens the lady of his pursuit to the exotic and conquered land of India while the main male character is likened to the less enchanting hills of England near the Humber River. In Donne's poem, his religious imagery may be seen in his use of phrases. 'Confesse it', 'one blood made of two' (which is also an implication of sex and/or pregnancy because the mother and child are 'two', the 'three lives in one flea' that is ..."
Abstract The paper examines how, in "Catch 22", Joseph Heller chronicles the pointlessness and ultimate dehumanization of war. While stationed in the fictional Mediterranean island of Pianosa, Air Force soldier John Yossarian participates in several brutal and dangerous operations, where his men give their lives not for their country, but to obtain good aerial pictures of the exploding targets. The paper explains that, disgusted that his life is constantly in danger for nothing, Yossarian vows to survive this pointless war at all costs. He thus spends much of his time faking illness and devising ways to be sent home. The paper also touches on the circular pattern of the novel and gives examples of where they occur.
From the Paper "Several instances of the circularity of Catch 22 reasoning are found through the struggles of a number of secondary characters. Chaplain Tapmann, for example, struggles to maintain his belief in a just and loving God, despite all indications otherwise. Around him, people die for no reason, and he witnesses how religion -- like war -- is used to further the agendas of officers. Eventually, the chaplain is forced to give up his principles and lie by faking an illness to escape from being beaten. Though he is a man of God, the chaplain nevertheless finds that the results are "wonderful." In a parody of Genesis, Heller writes, "The chaplain had sinned, and it was good.""
Abstract The writer compares the Israeli economy with the macroeconomic model pertaining to the circular flow of money through the economy, observing that the contraction occurring among the main economic actors (households and business sector) is not being reflected in the conduct of the Israeli government. The paper argues that the government is forced to maintain its level of military expenditure to counter the increasing level of violence the war is generating. With Israel's contribution to the international export markets evaporating combined with decreasing business sentiment and consumer confidence, not to mention increasing dependence on the U.S. for foreign aid, the future of Israel's economic health does not bode well. The paper also argues that Israel needs to establish true peace before it can hope to overcome its economic recession.
From the Paper "Israel is an economy that has previously defied economic forecasts. Up until recently, its economy did not comply with the normal prerequisites for success. However, with the escalating presence of its war of attrition with Palestine, the factors that were once driving its economic growth and defying its detractors, is now slowly being eroded by its increasing commitment to fighting Palestine. This paper endeavors to explore the factors that once drove Israel's economic growth and the aspects of the Israel-Palestinian war that are now hampering Israel's economic health. By comparing the case of Israel to standard macroeconomic models, one can observe the unique case posed by Israel's economy."
Abstract The writer of this paper argues that the Drug War has a circularity about it because it is intended to reduce the problem and help reduce rates of incarceration, health concerns, and drug use all at the same time, when in fact the policies in place may contribute to an increase in at least some of these problems. It discusses how, instead of fighting the big-time drug dealers, this program seems fixed on imprisoning the small-time users.
From the Paper "Drug abuse has been a major target for government action for some time now, with the rhetoric of the drug war indicating an all-out attack on those who grow, produce, sell, or use drugs. Teenage drug users in particular are a source of concern, and government efforts to convince young people not to use drugs have been considerable. There is evidence that teenage drug use has been reduced from the high it reached a decade or so ago, and though the rate remains relatively high, the trend seems to be downward. The reason for this is in dispute. It may have been brought about by government efforts to reduce teenage drug use, or it may have been caused by some other social forces."
