Abstract This paper examines the business benefits of virtual private networks and compares them to expense of dedicated circuits. It describes the technical application and its solutions for connectivity. The paper states that the purpose of the virtual private network is also to create "trust relationships" through the use of a low cost public network without sacrificing the security of the organization
From the Paper "The Internet application that I would encourage the organization to implement would be a virtual private network. This will provide the organization with the opportunity to save huge amounts of money because the application uses inexpensive public networks to create a private network. VPN's allow an organization to make use of the low cost of public networks as an alternative to purchasing costly dedicated circuits. Another opportunity that this application will provide is a secure way for remote offices and headquarters to be connected and to share information. In addition this application is very user accessible and allows employees access to the network from their homes? or other remote sites."
Tags: connectivity, dedicated, circuits, networks, cost, public
Abstract Over the years, there has been an evolution of the universal
building blocks used by logic circuit designers. In the mid 1960s, there were SSI gates; NAND, NOR, EXOR, and NOT or INVERT. In the early 1970s, MSI blocks, registers, decoders, multiplexers, and other blocks made their appearances.
From the Paper "Device Isolation of Integrated Circuits
Overview
Over the years, there has been an evolution of the universal
building blocks used by logic circuit designers. In the mid 1960s, there were SSI gates; NAND, NOR, EXOR, and NOT or INVERT. In the early 1970s, MSI blocks, registers, decoders, multiplexers, and other blocks made their appearances. In the late 1970s, ALUs (arithmetic logic units) with on board scratchpad registers, interrupt controllers, microprogram sequencers, ROMs/PROMs, and other LSI devices up to and including a complete one chip microprocessor (control, ALU and registers) became readily available(Qian, 1997). From this the PC was born.
In the realm of microelectronics, smaller means faster."
During the last 2 decades, the number of transistors crammed onto
an integrated
Abstract This paper examines the short story of British writer Thomas Hardy, "On the Western Circuit". It describes a tale of love and irony in the story's love triangle, in which the three main characters are entwined. The paper provides an entertaining synopsis of the complex nineteenth century love affair.
From the Paper ""On the Western Circuit" is a short story that depicts the wonderful, yet, lonely and untimely love that Charles Raye, a young lawyer from London, and Edith Harnham, in the person of ?Anna,? her illiterate servant, had, expressed and apparent through the letters they communicated with. The story is both a story of love and irony, and this is because in the story, love is evident in the "love triangle" the three main characters was caught up: the illiterate servant Anna is in love with the young and handsome lawyer Charles Raye, Edith Harnham, the "Anna" in the letters, is also inevitably in love with the young man, and Raye is in love with the literate Anna, whom he supposed was Anna the servant in Melchester."
Tags: short, story, triangle, 19th, century, marriage, affair
Abstract This paper states that interconnects and isolation has been, is and will continue to be the key factors that limit the performance and costs of integrated circuits. The author points out that as technology is scaled below a quarter micron, the problems associated with interconnect are ever more pressing and could potentially become the roadblock to progress. This paper concludes that technology is changing the physical size of circuitry, allowing an 11 Million transistors on an 80 mmz die, but this is only a short respite before other technologies allow more and more processing to be done in smaller spaces with less.
Table of Contents
Overview
The Need for Device Isolation Defined
The Evolution in Manufacturing and Deposition Technology
The Evolution in Materials Choice for Device Isolation
A Critical Review of Literature from 1997 through mid-1999
Conclusion
From the Paper "Essential to chip fabrication is a process called lithography, which resembles the printing of a photograph by shining light through a negative onto a photosensitive surface. To produce features less than 0.1 mm wide, semiconductor companies face the task of developing methods that involve light or other electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths much shorter than those commonly used today. The shorter the wavelength, the finer the line can be sharply drawn."
Abstract This is an analysis of affirmative action, race, public policy and education at the secondary and higher educational levels. Although it is written from an educational perspective, this paper also weighs heavily in terms of social and political policy. It discusses the two major events in the recent history of education. In 1995 the Board of Regents of the University of California system voted to ?stop admitting students, hiring professors, and awarding contracts on the basis of race." In April of 2001, the Fifth Circuit Court handed down a decision in a case challenging the legitimacy of affirmative action based admissions practices at the University Of Texas Law School.
From the Paper "While educators have spent the last several years debating issues of quality and accountability in schooling, two fairly recent events have focused at least some attention on the issue of equality in education. In the summer of 1995 the Board of Regents of the University of California system voted to ?stop admitting students, hiring professors, and awarding contracts on the basis of race.? The announcement that all affirmative action considerations would be removed from the largest state system of higher education caused an immediate public outcry. In April of 2001, the Fifth Circuit Court handed down a decision in a case challenging the legitimacy of affirmative action based admissions practices at the University Of Texas Law School. It stated, effectively, that race might not be considered as a factor in the admissions process."
Abstract This paper explains the historic background of the author, Thomas Hardy. It shows how the Victorian era had an obvious impact on his writings, especially in his story, ?On the Western Circuit". It looks at issues of the clash between town and country, rich and poor, educated and ignorant, modernity and tradition.
From the Paper "It is difficult to think of the Victorian era as modern, but to those living it, it was. Thomas Hardy, who grew up in rural England, the son of a master stonemason trod an interesting path between what we might today call working class and middle-class values. His father taught him to love music, and his mother to love learning. Both these passions"and Hardy's attitude toward them"are evident in ?On the Western Circuit,? although they are both dealt with from a negative viewpoint."
Abstract This paper takes a look at IC and ASIC designers and discusses how, in the early 1980s, engineers had life a bit easier than engineers do today. The paper goes on to say that they did not have to deal with the tiniest of mechanisms, testing them, creating switches, circuits and memory from electrons and molecules. According to the paper, delay specifications for the early (multi- micron) technologies were elementary at best.
From the Paper "Engineering teams from major universities and corporations deal with specifics of design problems and engineering team coordination raises the overhead. The scale of the design has been decreasing, which also increases complexity, cost and testing difficulties. The architecture of the SOCs must change in how they are laid on the chip, as well as the materials that are being used in order to avoid the problems that were addressed earlier in this research. As new systems are needed to take advantage of advances in IC manufacturing technology, finer process geometries will provide the ability to manufacture more gates on a single die. Large systems in silicon have declined, due to physical design limitations and now more appropriate, expensive materials will replace silicon. There will be 1 billion transistors made in 2007 (Lai 27)."
Abstract In this article, the writer studies ways of motivating Circuit City sales employees. The goal of the proposed study is to attempt to motivate employees to increase sales in each of the city's five Circuit City stores through offering sales personnel in each of those stores, gift card incentives for reaching certain sales goals. The writer notes that the hypothesis for the study is that, during the month that the gift card bonus incentive program is in place, within the five target Circuit City stores city-wide, sales per employee, and overall sales per store, will increase as a result of these incentives.
Outline:
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Study Subjects
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Research Methods
References
From the Paper "No magic formula exists, anywhere, for motivating employees, but when employees feel unmotivated, not only morale, but business itself suffers. Industrial psychologists might argue that secret(s) to motivating employees lie, in knowing and understanding what makes individual employees tick: what their interests, values, hobbies, and goals are; what they like to do outside work, what they enjoy most (or least) about their jobs, etc., as well as how employees work well together."
Abstract This paper explains that VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), also referred to as internet telephony, IP telephony or Voice over the Internet (VOI), is a category of hardware and software that enables people to use the internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP rather than by traditional circuit transmissions of the PSTN. This paper points out that the number of VoIP providers, such as Vonage, is growing steadily; major carriers like AT&T are already setting up VoIP calling plans in several markets in the United States and the FCC is looking seriously at the potential ramifications of VoIP service. The paper relates that there are three different types of VoIP service in common use today: (1) ATA , the simplest and most common way, which is to connect a standard phone to a computer or internet connection for use with VoIP; (2) IP phones, specialized phones, which look like normal phones with a handset, cradle and buttons but, instead of having the standard RJ-11 phone connectors, have an RJ-45 Ethernet connector and (3) computer-to-computer, which is the easiest way to use VoIP and does not even require paying for long-distance calls. Illustrations.
Table of Contents
VOIP- An Overview
History of VOIP
Making calls through VOIP
Main Features of VOIP
VOIP: Difference from Standard Phone System: (Circuit Switching)
The VOIP Phone System: Packet Switching
The Advantage of VOIP
VOIP Hurdles
Overcoming the hurdles - CODECS
VOIP - For the business world
VOIP -In the United States
Future of VOIP
Conclusion
From the Paper "In a conventional phone conversation, while one are talking; the other party is listening, which means that only half of the connection is in use at any given time. Based on that, we can surmise that we could cut the file in half, down to about 4.7 MB, for efficiency. Plus, a significant amount of the time in most conversations is dead air -- for seconds at a time, neither party is talking. If we could remove these silent intervals, the file would be even smaller. Then, instead of sending a continuous stream of bytes (both silent and noisy), an option was devised of sending just the packets of noisy bytes when one created them, that is formed the basis of a packet-switched phone network, the alternative to circuit switching."
Abstract The paper discusses the case Eckles v. Consolidated Rail Corporation, United Transportation Union International and United Transportation Union Local 1963, which was heard by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in 1996. In this case the Circuit Court upheld the lower court's ruling in favor of the defendants. Eckles had brought suit under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provisions against the defendants claiming they failed to make reasonable accommodation for his disability.
From the Paper "Terry Eckles filed a suit against the Consolidated Rail Corporation and included as parties to his suit both the local and the national offices of his representative union, the United Transportation Union claiming that both the company and the union violated his rights awarded to him under the Americans with Disabilities Act (AD). Essentially, Eckles was demanding that both the company and the union had failed to provide, in the company's case and failed to support, in the union's case, his right to reasonable accommodations under the ADA regarding his epilepsy."
Abstract This paper illustrates, analyzes and compares articles regarding the existing obligations or provisions regarding international patent law. It examines those provisions that fall under the Paris Convention, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Berne Convention and the Rome Convention. It also looks at the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and the European patent Convention, the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and the European patent Convention.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Implementation Of The Trips Agreement
National And Most-Favored-Nation Treatment
Patent Right Exhaustion: Doha Declaration (Analysis Of Article 6)
TRIPS And Article 7 (Technological Promotion And Public Protection) Health Analysis
General Enforcement Obligations: Analysis Of Article 41
Fair And Equitable Procedures Article 42
Evidence (Article 43)
Article 45: Damages - Comparison and Analysis Related to IP Where Applicable
From the Paper "The guides existing to allow action that is effective in prevention of infringement state the "the requirement procedures permit 'effective action' speaks to all possible remedies, including civil, administrative and criminal procedures, as well as border measures, customs, tax and communication procedures." Copyright law in countries of optical media product export has proved ineffective in terms of media licensing and "countries have adopted optical media licensing regimes." TRIPS has as an obligation the provision of "effective actions" of infringement upon rights under this Article. It is held that Article 41 when combined with 61 (assumed to be understood as subsumed within the requirements of Article 41" make it a further requirement o countries to make the provision of any remedies "available" and not limited to those that are only within the law. Article 61 obliges countries to make the provision of criminal procedures and penalties "at least in cases of willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright privacy.""
Abstract The following paper analyzes the process of adding binary numbers by making reference to an addition algorithm as an example of this process. Background information to binaries is included.
From the paper:
?The binary number system was based on the decimal system, but uses only two digits, 1 and 0, instead of the 10 digits used by the decimal system. The system was developed for computer systems because they are more economical and precise when writing code. All digital computers use binary as their primary code. Each binary digit represents either "on" or "off" to the computer.?
Abstract This paper looks at the differences between two new technologies, quantum and biological computing, examining how they can be used in different fields. It examines problems experienced in the development of these computing techniques but also shows how much of an impact they would have on current technology. The writer explains that instead of using microchips, a quantum computer uses a liquid of appropriate molecule which is more accurate.
From the Paper "Quantum and Biological computing are two technologies which are on the forefront of advancement in computers today. Both technologies are relatively in their infancy, but so far there have been a good amount of promising results in both research and prototypical experimentation. The reason behind the quest for a different type of computing system is not simply for the purpose of advancement for the sake of advancement; but rather because conventional microchips are nearing the apex of their computation ability for certain applications. There is a lot of competition in the field of quantum computing, both for the financial gain, and scientific breakthroughs which would result in a practical quantum computer. The field of Biological computing is one which does not hold the promise of quantum computing, as far as practical application; But does open new doors into the realm of computing without being tied to digital circuits and all the limitations they possess. Conventional computers can be improved by further miniaturization of circuits, but the major roadblock is that transistors and electrical wiring can ultimately only be made as slim as the width of one atom. Once again business and science are teaming up in order to benefit each other, and bring about the next great evolution in computing technology."
The following paper reviews the psychology behind the factors that typically figure significantly into employee stress as a result of organizational change, environmental and economic factors.
Abstract The following inductive research paper discusses , predicts and surveys the impact of the factors that contribute to employee stress. It also offers recommendations of programs or policies to proactively recognize and addresses potential problem areas which may lead to employee stress so that proactive measures can be taken to ensure ongoing and increased productivity. After reviewing the literature the writer concludes that World-class organizations agree that satisfied workers translate into satisfied customers and increased productivity, so they actively concentrate on providing the tools, environment and encouragement necessary to short-circuit the effects of change, encounters with difficult customers or situations that create motivation-killing stress.
From the Paper "While the profitability of corporations is typically measured in dollars, overall success can be measured in terms of profitability plus the attainment of organizational goals. This success derives from a synergy of inputs, including the work of employees who are dedicated, skilled and knowledgeable, and a management team that understands how to inspire competent and motivated performance through sensitive and responsive management of a continually changing workplace. The cost of socially-responsible management is an investment: the workplace environment directly impacts the motivation and productivity of the workforce. Simply put: happy, secure workers are productive workers.Companies are responsible for creating and maintaining a positive and supportive workplace environment through ethically responsible policies, fair compensation and proactive management. While not quantifiable as a line item, an attitude of responsibility to workers and to the workplace environment has a noticeable effect on the corporate bottom line. According to Alan Reder in his book In Pursuit of Principle and Profit (1994), responsible policies ensure that every quality of a company will emerge over time and greatly increase a company's chances of long-term success."
Abstract The following paper discusses the way in which the county in Michigan is the chief unit for local government. The writer examines how the county is dependent on and subordinate to the state government in a way that the states are not to the federal government. This paper asserts that states are independent entities that have come together in a union and agreed to certain rules for all, while counties are carved out of the territory of the state. Thus the writer argues that the counties are not analogous to states except in that they are divisions of the whole.
From the Paper "Michigan was the first of the states after the Civil War to model its capitol building after the Capitol in Washington, and the government of the state is also modeled after the form of the federal government. That government has undergone renovations several times in this century which have affected its appearance and function somewhat without altering its basic structure. For instance, Michigan state government is divided into three branches--executive, legislative and judicial--each with separate and clearly defined powers, just as with the federal government. These branches and their separate and exclusive powers have been delineated in each of the state's four constitutions, written in 1835, 1850, 1908, and 1963. The most recent was adopted by the people April 1, 1963 by a vote of 810,860 to 803,436 (Michigan in Brief: 199899)."
