Abstract In this study, the writer examines cigarette advertisements that are aimed at women. The writer argues that the advertisements represent harmful speech and should not have First Amendment protection. The writer looks at the move in the 1990's against cigarette advertising and discusses consumer needs rather than the needs of big business.
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the proposition that cigarette advertisements aimed towards women are in violation of the First Amendment. The plan of the research will be to show that the ads represent an instance of harmful speech and that as such, they are in direct violation of the First Amendment guarantee to be protected from such speech."
Abstract This paper identifies the extent to which cigarette smoking is responsible for cancer and the types of cancers caused by smoking. The paper examines the main cancer-causing ingredients in cigarette smoke and explains how they cause cancer.
Outline:
Abstract
How Far is Cigarette Smoking Responsible for Causing Cancer
Types of Cancer Caused by Cigarette Smoking
Cancer-causing Ingredients in Cigarette Smoke
The Cancer-Causing Mechanism
From the Paper "A major WHO Cancer Report in 2003 identifies tobacco consumption as "the most important avoidable cancer risk" worldwide ("Global Cancer Rates" 2003). According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute , "cigarette smoking alone is directly responsible for approximately 30 percent of all cancer deaths annually in the United States" ("Cigarette Smoking and Cancer," 2004). Since active smoking is a purely voluntary act, these statistics make cigarette smoking the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Statistics on Cancer in other developed countries are no different with approximately a third of all cancer deaths in the UK being attributable to smoking in the year 2000 ("Fact sheet No. 4" 2005). Although the rising smoking trend in the developed world, including the United States, has reversed in recent decades due to increased awareness about the harmful effects of smoking, it is increasing in the developing world by 3.4% per year ("Tobacco and the Developing World," 2007). "
Abstract The paper shows that cigarettes are perhaps the most dangerous and addictive legal stimulant available on the market today. Experts say that smoking cigarettes becomes addictive because of the carefully manipulated levels of the chemical nicotine that tobacco companies put into their products. The paper argues, however, that cigarettes are addictive for more than this one reason. It explains that people become physically hooked on cigarettes because of nicotine, but then become psychologically addicted due to pure habit, the actions associated with smoking, and social reasons.
From the Paper "The actions related with smoking a cigarette also play a part in addiction. First, there is the initial "packing" of the cigarettes when a new pack is bought. One must hit the pack several times on their hand to get the tobacco as "packed" as possible and get a stronger hit of nicotine. After that, some people turn one cigarette upside down and smoke that one last for good luck. Next there is lighting up, which causes great excitement because the smoker knows they will be getting their five minute fix. Next is the burning sensation that smokers feel in their throat. Though, it may hurt a bit it is also pleasurable because it goes along with the whole cigarette experience."
An in-depth analysis of the case of McCabe vs. British America Tobacco Australia Services Limited where the defendant claimed that cigarette smoking was responsible for her lung cancer.
Abstract The original argument was that cigarettes caused Ms. McCabe's cancer because she was not aware of the health risks involved in smoking cigarettes. The appeal argument stated that the destruction of documents interfered with a fair trial. This paper explores in detail if the destruction of documents by the tobacco company, in order to hide information concerning the health risks of cigarette smoking interfered with a fair trial.
From the Paper "The entire concept behind the documentation retention policy is the reason in question as why the documents were destroyed. The courts have decided that the tobacco company was in their legal right in destroying the documents. But although they have been destroyed lawfully, the intention behind the documents may have interfered with justice. Were the documents destroyed to create more space, to be more cost and time efficient; or were they destroyed because they contained valuable evidence that related cigarette smoking to lung cancer? "
Abstract When the dangers of smoking became public knowledge, the movement to have cigarettes labeled began. This paper traces the path that led to the creation of labels on cigarette packages through the study of John Kingdon's model of public policy and shows that cigarette labeling is one of the most classic examples of Kingdon's model in action. The paper shows that public pressure, the grass roots movements, and the window of opportunity all came together to make the government force tobacco companies to warn their own customers of the dangers in their product.
From the Paper "When a group or an individual has the desire to garner government funds for a purpose they are in a race with many other groups or individuals who want the same thing for their cause. This creates a type of vacuum in which all of the ideas, and desires are jumbled together in one large area called lobbying. Lobbying is the path the group takes to gain both public and political support for their cause. Lobbying is done before the bill ever reaches voting stages and it is where most desires for government backing or funding die. For a group to be successful in their desire to get their concerns to the voting floor they must take advantage of the window that is created by things such as public awareness, litigation and other factors. When this window occurs, the iron is hot and it is the best time to strike according to the Kingdon model."
Examines the case for drug prohibition against the backdrop of the historical examples of alcohol and cigarette prohibition, arguing that complete prohibition is unlikely to succeed today.
3,575 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 19 sources, 2001, $ 99.95
Abstract This paper addresses the common question in public policy on how best to restrict the proliferation of addictive substances in society: drugs, alcohol and cigarettes. The author examines the policies ranging from complete prohibition to the legalization of non-addictive drugs. This paper draws on the historical examples of alcohol and cigarette prohibition to argue that the complete prohibition of drugs is not the best answer to the drug problems faced by significant numbers of Americans.
From the Paper "Many legislators advocate the prohibition of addictive substances as the best way to limit their consumption and the myriad social and economic ills that accompany it. This zero-tolerance ideal was the basis of the noble experiment of alcohol prohibition during the 1920s, the ban on cigarettes in Canada and 15 American states at the beginning of this century, and, perhaps most pertinently, the War on Drugs that we currently find ourselves embroiled in. Drawing primarily on the ideas formally presented by Chester Barnard, this paper will dissect the historical example of alcohol prohibition in the 1920s in order to demonstrate that prohibition is a poor approach towards tackling the consumption and sale of harmfully addictive substances because of the manifold obstacles to implementation that stand in the way of its success."
Abstract The paper details about the cigarette smoking health effects in men. It shows how cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of premature death in the United States and gives the facts and figure (data & tables), for proof. It also examines the effects on fertility in men and different diseases caused by smoking.
From the Paper "Causing more than 400,000 deaths each year, tobacco usage is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Additionally, the direct medical costs amount more than $50 billion per year. More people are harmed and killed by smoking every year than they die of alcohol, drug abuse, AIDS, murders, car crashes, fires, and suicides. Nationally, more than 5 million years of potential life are lost each year as a result of smoking. Every day, nearly 3,000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers. Approximately 80% of adult smokers start smoking before the age of 18. Furthermore, approximately five million children presently living will die prematurely because of the decision to smoke cigarettes at adolescence."
Abstract As society has become more health savvy, the cigarette industry has had to confront new and potentially devastating challenges to its business. The legal, political, and other challenges it faces occur both in the United States and abroad. This paper covers issues such as ethics, advertising, health organizations, and restrictions. It examines the innovative ways that cigarette companies have developed to market their products, despite the growing opposition and restrictions.
From the Paper "In Eastern Europe, cigarette manufacturers occasionally openly defy restrictions, spotting the weakness of the local laws in countries such as Hungary. In addition, cigarette manufacturers have also used philanthropic efforts as marketing ploys. Donating money and materials to a variety of causes from hospitals and schools to senior centers and homeless shelters, the cigarette manufacturers have found a potent branding opportunity in generosity."
Abstract This paper presents an analytical assessment of a cigarette advertisement that appeared in a magazine. The paper claims that the advertisement seems to make a strange variety of false and even absurd claims for the cigarettes, based purely on the non-related advertising imagery. The paper contends that the images and the messages portrayed by the juxtaposition between these images and stories and the product being sold make silent arguments of their own, which are particularly fallacious and at the same time oddly amusing.
From the Paper "This connection between the power which enabled Hatshepsut to take the throne and the power of addiction which links women to their cigarettes could also be construed as something of a false analogy. This ad appeals to penis envy, in a a very Freudian sense, falsely suggesting that the phallus of a cigarette can replace the phallus of a penis which women may wish they have. To understand how obvious this phallus imagery is, one needs only follow the obvious links -- the mention of women needing to know their place and that this place is to become (a male gendered) king by taking on a new length to be enjoyed."
Abstract This paper focuses on providing a detailed outlook on Imperial Tobacco Canada's Du Maurier cigarette brand in relation to the Canadian tobacco market. Imperial Tobacco Canada is the most prosperous cigarette manufacturer in Canada, and Du Maurier is the most popular brand and the key aspects that allow Du Maurier to have such a privileged position on the market are discussed in this paper as well as strategic marketing recommendations.
Outline:
Introduction
Situation Analysis
Market Situation
Macro environment
Demographic Situation in Canada
Economic Situation
Political-Legal Situation
Ecological Situation
Socio - Cultural Situation
Technological Situation
Competitive Situation
Opportunities and Issues Analysis
Strengths and Weaknesses
Opportunities and Threats
Objectives
Financial Objectives
Marketing Objectives
Marketing Strategy
Target Market
Positioning
Product
Pricing
Distribution Outlets
Marketing Communications
Market Research
Action Program
Financial Impact
Reference list
From the Paper "In the present, on political ground, Canada is facing a series of challenges regarding public demands for quality improvements in health care and education services, on the one hand, and separatist concerns in predominantly francophone region of Quebec. Canada is a constitutional monarchy, a parliamentary democracy, and a federation. Canada's administrative divisions are consisted of 10 provinces and 3 territories. The legal system is based on English common law. In Quebec, the civil law system is mostly based on French common law.
The executive branch is consisted of: the chief of state, the head of government, and the cabinet. The legislative branch is represented by a bicameral Parliament consisting of the Senate and the House of Commons. The judicial branch is consisted of the Supreme Court of Canada, Federal Court of Canada, Federal Court of Appeal, Provincial Courts. The most important political parties are: Bloc Quebecois, Conservative Party of Canada, Green Party, Liberal Party, and Democratic Party. The political situation is unlikely to affect Du Maurier somehow in the future."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of the short-term and long-term effects of cigarette smoking, including effects on children and the effects of second-hand smoke.
From the Paper "There are many effects of cigarette smoking on the actual smoker. They include lung cancer and other cancers, cardiovascular malfunctions, strokes, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Cigarette smoking may even lead to changes in the smoker's appearance such as early wrinkling and yellowing of their teeth."
Abstract Cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of premature death. Men who smoke are most at risk of death from lung cancer. The author argues that smokers are in great danger of dangerous health effects from smoking and discusses the various impacts caused by smoking.
From the Paper 'Causing more than 400,000 deaths each year, tobacco usage is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Additionally, the direct medical costs amount more than $50 billion per year. More people are harmed and killed by smoking every year than they die of alcohol, drug abuse, AIDS, murders, car crashes, fires, and suicides. Nationally, more than 5 million years of potential life are lost each year as a result of smoking. Every day, nearly 3,000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers. Approximately 80% of adult smokers start smoking before the age of 18. Furthermore, approximately five million children presently living will die prematurely because of the decision to smoke cigarettes at adolescence."
Abstract This paper examines how the tobacco industry markets it's products, with specific attention payed to the youth market. The author also describes the tobacco industry, and details its success and failures, especially over the past years wince the public now has a heightened awareness of the negative affects of smoking. Several components of the marketing plan are analysed and evaluated. The components of the campaign discussed include the use of cartoon characters, free cigarette giveaways, event sponsorship and the use of walking billboards.
From the Paper "Researches and findings have indicated that tobacco companies have always attempted to target their marketing campaigns entirely the young generation between the ages of 18- to 25 year who are mostly smokers. Furthermore, the financial incentive is overwhelming for involving underage smokers more effectively than the competition. Countries like Unites States and Canada has the tobacco industry sponsors with so-called youth access programs, in which the retailers are repeatedly told as not to sell tobacco products to minors (Redirect to - Regulation of Tobacco Sales, Marketing, and Use)."
An examination of one of the largest companies in the United States, that is involved mainly with cigarette and tobacco sales and how recent legislation has affected this company.
Abstract This paper gives a thorough history of this cigarette company from the times it was a one-man show in the late 1800's to the giant conglomerate it is today. It explains the occasions were turning points in the success of the company, especially during the Great Depression. The paper finally looks at legislation taken recently against tobacco companies with regard to production and advertising and examines the effects on Phillip Morris.
From the Paper "The Philip Morris Company started in England in 1847 where Mr. Philip Morris operated a shop; Morris began making his own cigarettes seven years later. In 1919, U.S. stockholders acquired control of the company. By 1929, it opened its first factory in the United States. The trend towards diversification accelerated in 1969-70, with the purchase of the 115-year-old Miller Brewing Company, and then again in the mid-1980s with the procurement of General Foods and Kraft Foods in the largest non-oil-related acquisitions in U.S. history. "
Abstract This paper examines the drug marijuana, generally disapproved of for causing lethargy and memory loss, which shares tobacco's propensity for causing lung cancer and it is widely and safely used by a significant percentage of America's population. It provides a history of the drug use in America and the fight against it over the years as well as its legality throughout the country. It analyses the dangers of smoking marijuana through various literature reviews and studies. It puts forward a research design to measure the hypothesis that recreational marijuana use is no more dangerous than smoking cigarettes in quantities that constitute normal use among Americans by looking at both American and Dutch populations.
From the Paper "The amount of money the United States spends "fighting" drug use every year is in the range of 35-40 billion dollars, equal to the annual budget of Russia. This herculean effort has met with little success; the Economist article reports that almost a third of Americans over 12 years of age admit to having tried drugs at some point, while over 26 million admit to having used drugs within the past year. Three fourths of all drug users in the United States are marijuana smokers."
