Abstract
This paper explains that there is no direct accounts of Pope Urban II's speech at Clermont, which called for a crusade, but there are four main accounts written by churchmen. The paper further explains that at least three of these churchmen may have been present at Clermont. The first account was written by Fulcher of Chartres in 1101, the second account by Robert Monk in 1107, the third by Baldric of Dol in 1108-1110, and the last by Guibert of Nogent in 1109. The paper reviews each account and the author's personal views regarding the Crusades and Urban's proclamation. The author underscores that the variations and fragmentation of these different accountings of Urban's speech has made it difficult to identify exactly what the Pope said and his true motives for calling the Crusade.The paper contends that possibly Urban's motivation was to recapture Jerusalem, discontinue the wars between Christians in Western Europe and strengthen the relations between Eastern and Western Christian empires.

From the Paper
"In the third account, Baldric of Dol puts a heavy emphasis on the state of Jerusalem and the suffering endured by the Christians there. He describes how Christians were forced to become beggars or even enslaved in the Holy Land. Even going into hiding did not help the Christians as Muslims sought them out constantly. He also describes how once great Christians churches have now become stables for animals and how "base and bastard Turks hold sway over our brothers." He claims that Jerusalem has been "reduced to the pollution of paganism." "

Tags:argument motivation leader byzantine, military spirit

Abstract
This paper describes the struggle to be the one to wield power in a small Anglican diocese. Trollope's purpose is to show the human foibles and politics of the Church of England and how the emphasis of the Church has drifted from God, faith, and the religious guidance of the Church's congregation to politics and the power of the clergy. It explains how "Barchester Towers" does not deal with a power struggle for religious ideals. Rather, it depicts an ecclesiastical power struggle and the vain thirst for personal power among Barchester's churchmen.

From the Paper
"Anthony Trollope's Barchester Towers is concerned with social change in 19th century England. Trollope's purpose is to show the human foibles and politics of the Church of England and how the emphasis of the Church has drifted from God, faith, and the religious guidance of the Church's congregation to politics and the power of the clergy. In short, Barchester Towers does not deal with a power struggle for religious ideals. Rather, it depicts an ecclesiastical power struggle and the vain thirst for personal power among Barchester's churchmen. In this battle, several influential men of consequence endeavor to "rule the roast" (18) and to become Barchester's cock of the walk (142). Ironically, the bishop's willful wife Mrs. Proudie thwarts their ambitions. One situation in the novel that Trollope uses to illustrate the clergy's aspirations and their neglect of religious principles is the battle between Mrs. Proudie and her adversaries, Chaplain Slope and the Bishop of Barchester."

Tags:anglican, barchester, english, literature, towers, trollope, victorian

Abstract
In this paper the author describes the era of the Puritans from their rise in the reign of Elizabeth I until their demise. It discusses the meaning of their title and the allies and enemies that they had. The paper concludes with the fall of the Puritans due to their intolerance and surmises that religion and politics never mix well although a lesson was learnt by the Puritans that came to America.

From the Paper
"The Puritans, ultra-conservative in matters of religion, now had a political cause. They saw Roman Catholocism as their enemy, and felt that the Anglican Church did not go far enough to distinguish itself from Catholicism. So, it found followers who, more for economic and social reasons than religious ones, came to agree with the Puritans that it was time to do away with "Absolutism" in religion as well as in the ruling classes. Charles I believed that English Kings had a hereditary right to be absolute rulers, creating laws at will, and refusing to be opposed at the pain of exile or death. This meant that the Church of England would not permit dissent from other Protestants."

Tags:protestants, reformation, zealots, parliamentamnesty, churchmen