Abstract
The paper looks at the development of the Church of England from its beginnings as an English version of Roman Catholicism, to its later establishment as Protestant English, the basis of both Church and State in England. The paper asks why the counter-reformation failed under Mary Tudor, and how the Church established its law. It also examines in what respects and to what extent had the Church of England by 1553 became a Protestant Church.

From the Paper
"The church in England by 1553 had passed through a series of phases from the time of Henry VIII's 'Great Matter' to the death of his son Edward. By examining the different actions taken over the years we can begin to see how the church changed from Henry's view of an Anglican Catholic institution, unconnected with the strident, evangelical Protestantism of Germany to a Protestant church in England which would survive the attempted counter-Reformation of Queen Mary. The Church of England was founded on a basis that was both clerical and secular, and was enforced on the people by methods that were in turn both harsh and more circumspect. We will examine both types of methods and look at the role played by the bishops of England, the people of the country and by those who possessed lay power in the Council and magistracies."

Tags:catholic, common, counter, edward, gardiner, lutheran, mary, prayer, reformation, roman, somerset, supremacy, tudor, vi

Abstract
This paper explains that, although Henry VIII is know for his many wives and his break from the Catholic Church, he also created drastic changes to the Church and to English society, which later spread to America. The author describes the reformation of the Catholic Church in Europe and England, which was without a doubt the most important event of the 16th century. The paper relates that, after the death of Henry VIII, his influence continued to be observed as British society moved from an almost medieval feudal society into a more modern, capitalistic culture in which industrialization and urbanization replaced agriculture as the primary source of production and the role of women began to change.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Reformation Across Europe
England Heading Toward Reformation And The Movement To America Life In England After Henry VIII
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Through six long years Henry tried to have the marriage annulled, but he had no success. Finally, he broke from the Catholic Church, created the Church of England, and got rid of Catherine through divorce so that he could marry Anne. In 1533, Anne was crowned Queen, and she had a daughter, Elizabeth. However, the years that she had been forced to wait for Henry had made her a bitter and angry person, and Henry began to feel as though he did not love her. She had made enemies during the time that she reigned, however, and had brought about Cardinal Wolsey's downfall, as well as helping to plot against Catherine and Mary when Henry and Catherine were still married. "

Tags:reformation, printing, protestant, puritan, women

Abstract
This paper clearly interprets event and actions leading up the German and English reformations of the 16th century. It begins on the topic of Germany and its catalyst feudal systems and religious overlords, and goes on to study the works of martin Luther and his conniving methods and perseverance to proceed with his reformation through his 95-theses to eventually win the hearts of fed up peasants, merchants growing rich off the New World, greedy nobility, and challenge the authority of the Church and Pope. This paper also discusses the reformation of England started by King Henry VIII. It discusses in detail how Henry VIII invented his own hybrid religion, infused it into his own country to build national unity and to suit his own desires, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church all while making himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This paper looks at societal cause and effects such as the printing press which allowed lower classes to become more educated, bible translations to common languages that allowed the lower classes to step past the clergy to speak freely with God, new merchant opportunities in the New World, and political gains of money and land.

From the Paper
"In Sixteenth-century Europe, the material world was becoming increasingly distinct and spiritual ideals more confused, as the printing press spread information and humanist studies inspired ideas of doctrinal difference. The nations were becoming even more conscious of their nationalities, and the faithful were pained about the short comings of society and of the church. From the beginning the impulse to reform the Church had mingled with political currents. The spiritual impulse was dominated by dynastic intrigue, greed, and war, and in the end national politics determined the fate of the Reformation all over Europe. What began in a mood of spiritual piety had its triumph in the rearrangement of secular power."

Tags:cardinal, century, charles, clement, diet, england, germany, henry, imperial, league, luther, martin, pope, press, printing, reformation, religion, religious, sixteenth, swabian, v, viii, wolsley, worms

Abstract
An examination of the interdependency of the Church and State in late Tudor and early Stuart England. The paper looks at how the Church and State were used in tandem to suppress opposition; and how religious beliefs impacted upon loyalty (or perceived loyalty) to the state.

From the Paper
""Religion is the ground on which all other matters ought to take root". These words, spoken by Elizabeth to Parliament, neatly summarize the interdependency between Church and State in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The quotation in the title implies that there ought to be a distinction between religious beliefs and the proper exercise of political power, when in fact there was no such separation in the eyes of Elizabeth and, later, James I. The history of this period is one of conflicting beliefs between the wings of the established church and the constant pressure by the Presbyterians and Puritan sects to reform the church and hence change the nature of the government of the country. This period also sees the attempts to suppress the radical teachings of Barrow and others, which were equated with sedition and treason, in order to maintain a conformity of worship if not necessarily of belief."

Tags:barrow, catholics, england, grindal, gunpowder, plot, presbyterian, protestant, puritans, religion, stuart, tudor, whitgift

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of "West Rock, New Haven" in the context of Frederic Edwin Church's career. A description of the work and summary of the artist's career precede a detailed analysis of the painting. It is argued that this painting marked Church's departure from the style of his master, Thomas Cole, as he stepped into a league all his own. Lingering influences by Cole are discussed, including allegorical images.

From the Paper
"Frederic Edwin Church, one of the leaders of the Hudson River School of painting, began his successful career with the unveiling of West Rock, New Haven in 1849. This painting predicted a new stylistic direction for Church, while still containing references to the techniques of his past. Although Church progressed towards more exotic subjects on grander canvases after exhibiting West Rock, New Haven, he continued to employ the same style first demonstrated in this early work of art."

Tags:academy, career, cole, design, destiny, edwin, england, hudson, john, landscape, manifest, national, painting, pastoral, river, ruskin, scene, school, thomas

Abstract
This paper explains how Eamon Duffy, professor in church history at the University of Cambridge, has rewritten history and refutes what is considered a long-kept myth in his two books. It explains that he disputes the story long told by the Protestants of what encouraged the English Reformation in the Middle Ages. An analysis of his two books is provided in the paper.

From the Paper
"The Protestant Reformation eventually eliminated this community structure. It abolished devotions to images that were the purpose for much of the financial support. It then took possession of the resources that had been put toward so-called "superstitious" practices. Without this means of supporting the church, Morebath suffered and finally lost most of its involvement by the parishioners.
Yet, as noted previously, the eventual decline of Morebath does not mean that the people immediately went along with the Reformation and quickly forgot hundreds of years of tradition. At the beginning, they were either not discouraged or not moved by the battering rams of the Protestant church. When their chalice was stolen, the young men and women collected for another one. On the very eve of the Reformation in 1533, the statue of Our Lady of Pity was regilt, and a new image was purchased. In addition, in 1535, a new rood, with Our Lady and St. John was commissioned. The parish meeting in the autumn of 1534 did not know that a few days before the theft that Parliament had passed the Act of Supremacy. This made no difference in Morebath. The same was true for the dissolution of the monasteries and the abolishment of the holy days in 1536. Due to their long years of belief, the Catholic followers kept faithful as long as they could."

Tags:catholic, middle, ages, protestant, church

Abstract
This paper explores the construction and meaning of Mary Rowlandson's famous Captivity Narrative, first published in 1682 which tells how she was held captive during King Philip's War of 1675 by Algonquin Indians. The author explains how her autobiographical narrative reveals her religious fervor and struggles, within the context of New England Puritan thought. Within this paper on the Captivity Narrative, there is an analysis of Calvinist thought, and insight into White New Englander prejudices against the Algonquin Indians, and how those prejudices were influenced by a loathing of the Catholic Church.

From the Paper
Mary Rowlandson was captured by the Indians from her home in Lancaster, Massachusetts, during King Philip's War of 1675. She wrote a narrative about her captivity and "restoration"; which was so widely read that its popularity lasted for another century and more, after its first publication in 1682. Rowlandson's captivity narrative was reissued in Boston in 1770, 1771, and 1773, and it was also released many more times in various colonies and states during the 19th century. (Slotkin: 1973, p. 96). Thus it became one of the most representative documents by which white New Englanders remembered King Philip's War. But just how representative was Rowlandson's narrative, when it came to the realities of the conflict, on both sides, Puritan and Indian? Having been trapped in the wilderness as a prisoner of war, and surviving, Mary Rowlandson saw herself as spiritually renewed and redeemed. While many of the events in her account are probably true, her narrative is still somewhat mythical and shaped, both consciously and unconsciously, to fit her religious and cultural ideals.

Tags:algonquin, calvinist, captivity, england, king, new, philip, puritan, rowlandson, war

Abstract
This paper looks at the dominance of religion in the lives of early northern colonists of what would later become the United States of America. It focuses primarily on the migration of Puritans from England and the transfer of their cultural idiosyncrasies. It then charts the progression of religion from Puritanism to other forms of Christianity within this area.

From the Paper
"The Puritan exodus was typified by middle-class nuclear families, able to pay their own way and 'on a divine mission to create a model society committed to the proper worship of God. ' Many left England to escape the political unease and the imminent civil war and also religious persecution from the Anglican Church towards Puritans. Indeed 'religion was mentioned not merely as their leading purpose but as their only purpose' for leaving England and settling in New England. Those arriving on the shores of the 'Bible Commonwealth' of Massachusetts Bay from the 1630s had been refined from English society and were 'honest men...godly men...and not of the poorer sort.'"

Tags:christianity, church, connecticut, massachusetts, puritanism, quakers

Abstract
This paper describes the role of English theologian Wiliam Temple in bringing the Christian church in England to bear in favor of World War Two. The paper discusses how Temple believed that the Nazi threat to England was a threat to all of Christian civilization, and whatever misgivings one had about the war had to be set aside in defense of civilization itself.

From the Paper
"The Great War (as World War I was known at the time it was fought) ended with the Treaty of Versailles. One of the most important provisions of that treaty was Article 231, which stated: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. (Peace Treaty of Versailles art. 231)"

Tags:christianity, just war, pacifism

Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the eventual creation of the Church of England by King Henry VIII. It discusses how, although problems with the Catholic Church did exist, on the whole society believed in its central teachings, participated in its operations and invested heavily, both emotionally and financially, in its future right up to and beyond the Parliament of 1529.

From the Paper
"Much of the reason why members of Parliament, who as lawyers and merchants had particular grievances with the Cardinal, allowed proceedings within the House to escalate - to the point that the Church itself was placed under the spotlight - might be sought in the satisfaction they drew from puncturing the taboo that the Church was beyond reproach. More plausibly, however, Parliament's eagerness to ridicule Wolsey stemmed from circumstances during the previous summer of 1528 when a severe outbreak of sweating illness broke out in London, claiming heavy casualties. A by-product of this epidemic was how it inadvertently contributed to shoring up the coffers of priests rather than doctors, since it led to the payment of more mortuary and probate fees. Such bitter experiences may have conceivably lingered in the mind of parliamentarians as a reason why debates were allowed to reach such venomous proportions. "

Tags:Wolsey, Henry, VIII, protestant, catholic