Abstract A discussion about how one of the key elements in "Inferno" is the use of chronology and numbers to express certain ideals about his foes and political views. This paper supports the thesis that Dante's experiment was successful in the use of allegory to hide underlying political ideas that were otherwise dangerous in his time and that chronology and numbers played an important role in his ability to do this.
From the Paper "Dante's Inferno was an experiment in the expression of subversive political views. Some of the political views hidden in the allegory of "Inferno" were dangerous if publicly expressed in Dante's time. Numbers played an important part in the allegory of ?Inferno. One might note that the numbers of the Cantos themselves in which we find a particular foe is important in their description and the expression of Dante's political views about them. The number of their layer of Hell is also significant. Numerology is important in determining the political viewpoint with which Dante identified. The chronology of "Inferno" is one of the most widely studied aspects Dante's work and other works of that time period. (Carlyle, p.6). Even the "Chronological placement of the narrative from Good Friday through Easter Sunday, 1300, particularizes the experience even as it implies the death and rebirth that attends a critical stage in any person's life" (Forman, p. 500). Numbers give us clues as to his political viewpoint, but do not tell the entire story in themselves. They must be weighed with all of the other allegorical clues to find Dante's true political views."
This paper discusses the merits of reading Sophocles' Theban play cycle, "Oedipus the King", "Oedipus at Colonus" and "Antigone" in chronological order.
Abstract The paper argues that reading the three plays "Oedipus the King", "Oedipus at Colonus" and "Antigone" in chronological order gives us more insight into Sophocles' narrative skill. The paper explains that one is able to fully savor the strange fusion of character and destiny that Sophocles manages to pull off as a playwright and storyteller. The paper argues further that although the play cycle has occasional lapses in chronology and internal inconsistencies, the plays also show us how certain characters, in particular, Creon, are able to radically transform themselves over time.
From the Paper "Sophocles composed the Theban plays during a thirty-six year span. The three plays were actually not composed in chronological order; Antigone was penned first, followed by Oedipus the King, and finally, Oedipus at Colonus, shortly before Sophocles's death. As such, the three plays are rife with inconsistencies that come out when one reads them closely in chronological (i.e. sequential) order. Most notably, at the end of Oedipus the King, Creon has emerged as the undisputed King. He decides to expel Oedipus from Thebes after consulting with Apollo. Creon is then asked to look after Antigone and Ismene, the two daughters of Oedipus, which he agrees to do. In the subsequent plays, however, the two daughters are found wandering about on their own, either having fled with Oedipus or actively campaigning against Creon, who is supposed to be looking after them."
Abstract This paper ask us to reconsider the nature of history in general as well as to reexamine the particular places and times that they are writing about. It seeks to use substitute key theoretical concepts for the traditional chronological structure of history, asking us to consider not what came after what but who had power over whom, and how these social relationships are the causative elements of (each) history. The paper argues that all history is teleological; one is always writing it from what is at that moment the end-point of history and uses gender issues as an example of the hypothesis.
From the Paper "Every piece of historical description actually describes for the reader two different sets of history. Each historical text discloses to the reader something of what happened during the era under discussion. But it also reveals at least as much about the era in which the history was written. What is considered significant enough to mention, what events are seen as causative rather than incidental, who are the true villains ? all of these things may change from one generation's historical account to that of the next, and not because new facts have come to light."
Tags: history, perception, chronological, social, relationships, teleological, gender, issue, era
Abstract This essay investigates such egyptology techniques and disciplines as historiography, chronology, philolgy, palaeography, lexigraphy, papyrology, epigraphy, anthropology and ethno-archaeology that can be employed to understand the ancient egyptian economy ranging from such topics as trade activities, importance of particular materials such as gold and silver, bureaucracy, the non-monetary economy and foreign trade relations.
From the Paper "There are many methodologies and techniques that could be employed to reconstruct and analyse the past in order to better understand the ancient Egyptian economy. Historiography is one such methodology that could be of use because history writing encompasses many different aspects of society and culture. A concise history of Egypt would be particularly beneficial in understanding the ancient Egyptian economy because it would provide an insight into how the economy developed over time, perhaps illustrating the different trade activities that emerged or the gradual increase in free enterprise and markets for example. However historians and Egyptologists are reluctant to write an Egyptian history and instead concentrate on such aspects as cataloguing and labelling (Morkot 2003). Understandably there are a number of difficulties in attempting to write a concise Egyptian history including the sheer amounts of data available, as well as the increased specialisation of Egyptologists who focus on one area of study, causing problems for the writing of an overall Egyptian history. Therefore using the methodology of historiography, although would provide a valuable insight into the ancient Egyptian economy, is currently lacking in its availability. Along with this there is also a scarcity of evidence in terms of surviving texts from Egypt that attempt to tell accounts of Egyptian history and this to provides problematic when attempting to use historiography to interpret the ancient Egyptian economy."
Abstract This paper explains that Sargent, using chronological assemblage, attempts to show how the genre of science fiction has evolved over the years. The author points out that women were assumed not to be interested in science fiction, but the revolution of feminism has questioned this and indicated that women have the desire to gaze into the infinity of the scientific future. The paper concludes that a more radical understanding of how gender is understood in science fiction might ultimately be more liberating, not simply as a way of reading these pieces as literary and historical texts, but also for feminist science fiction writers writing today.
From the Paper "Sargent chooses to begin with C.L. Moore's rather lurid novella about cyborgs. The inclusion of this vision of wonder first shows the reader the lack of intrinsic reality to any conception of humanity, most particularly, a female reality. Of course, women have been constructed through paint, clothing and the male imagination for centuries?thus computers seem the logical extension of such physical fantasies, for all of the fear the image of the cyborg inspires in the heart of the reader, the ideology of the story could be read as implying."
Tags: fantasy, chronological, feminism, romances, men
Abstract This paper explores the causes of the American Civil War that have been obscured by the contemporary equality of all peoples. The paper looks at the great differences that helped start the war between, not only blacks and whites, but between the North and the South and between those who wished for a union with strong central government and those who believed in the formation of a conglomerate of states without a central authority. The paper chronologically reviews the major historic battles of the Civil War.
From the Paper "The CSA or Confederate States of America declared themselves conglomerate of states, lacking any final central authority. This division of power proved to be, towards the end of the war, ultimately unworkable. Eventually as well even the CSA debated the need to liberate the enslaved peoples within its borders, because of the untenable fact of having a nation divided between free people and enslaved people. The Union's way of life and industrialization was to triumph over the feudal system of agriculture and plantation-based economies of the South."
This paper discusses the importance of "Time Passes," the second section of "To The Lighthouse" by Virginia Woolf, which is only nineteen pages long and compresses the passing of nearly a decade within these pages.
2,525 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 76.95
Abstract This paper explains that Virginia Woolf's "To The Lighthouse," which is told using "stream of consciousness," is a modernist anti-Bildungsroman in which the reader sees excellent examples of experimentation with time shifting, complex allusions, multiple narrative voices, and inter-subjectivity. The author points out that, in the" Time Passes" section, human beings become secondary, while the novel shifts from its focus on psychology to chronology by contrasting its characters with the characters in the first section, by demonstrating the cruel effects of time on the Ramsey's house and on the people who spent time there in the first section of the novel, and by miniaturizing the historical time for Europe during and after World War I. The paper relates that the material objects used in the second part are reminders of the elegant Victorian life shown in the first half of the novel; and, in the second section, the reader sees how these objects can't save the people from the forces of nature and the outside world. Instead, the reader is given the idea that only outside forces can affect the social fabric of society, rather than the philosophies of the men, as in the first section.
From the Paper "The story is told in three sections. The first section, "The Window," takes up half the book and introduces us to the many characters and complex relationships within the Ramsey's summer house. Each character's interior thoughts are shown, as well as the other character's reactions and influences upon them. As the day comes to an end, we are left content as Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey manage to put their differences behind them and give the other what they needed in order to be at peace within their relationship. However, the second section, "Time Passes," takes a very different approach. The omniscient narrator tells of the decay of the house over the years and of the deaths of Mrs. Ramsey, Prue and Andrew. The house is occupied by darkness, wind and rain, as opposed to the people whose relationships and lives we read about in the first section. The third section, "The Lighthouse," takes place back at the summer house ten years after the first section."
Abstract The writer provides a chronology of the attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001. In this article, the writer offers an explanation of the motivations of the terrorists. The writer explains that the goal of the terrorists is to send a message to America about their dissatisfaction with American policy regarding the Islamic world.
From the Paper "... a bomb exploded in a garage under World Trade Center killing six and injuring more. A group of Islamic extremists were later convicted. Their goal was not to kill a handful of people. Their goal was to topple one of the World Trade Center towers and send a message to America about the discontent of the Islamic World with American foreign policy. Fast forward eight years to September ..."
A discussion of misplaced and weakened historicity in two modernist postmodern Novels: Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man" and Salman Rushdie's "The Satanic Verses."
Abstract This paper describes historicity in post-modern fiction as yielding a sense of radical disjunction or of combinations of events that do not take place either chronologically or in terms of historical veracity. It discusses examples of historicity in two modernist postmodern novels - Salman Rushdie's "The Satanic Verses" and Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man".
From the Paper "In Farishta's hallucinations, as Rushdie implies, his dream-images of the Prophet Muhammad offer him, in the latter years of the 2oth century, no modern day comfort. Controversial portions of The Satanic Verses, including this one, examine, in fragmented post-modern fashion, the imagined (by this troubled fictional character) the roots of a belief system, Islam, that within this character's hallucinations are not what they are historically; theologically; and traditionally believed to be. Here, therefore, Rushdie playfully "rewrites" Islamic history, in the form(s) of far-fetched dreams of an unstable and unreliable character. Farishta hallucinates, among other things that the wives of the Prophet Muhammad, founder of Islam, moonlight as prostitutes, and that Muhammad himself is (in Farishta's strange dreams) but a "for profit" Prophet."
Abstract The paper provides the chronological development and key historical developments in nursing research in the United States and Europe. The paper shows how the levels of federal involvement, not to regulate but to promote nursing research, address the significant position that nursing research holds within the nursing profession.
From the Paper "Nursing research has a long history, but until 1946, it really did not gain national attention. According to Glazer and DeKeyser (2000), nursing research is one way to evaluate nursing actions and assess which nursing related treatments are the most effective. Nursing research is becoming more critical today, as Glazer and DeKeyser (2000) tell us that a significant portion of patient care involves technology, patients present the hospital setting with higher acuity issues than before and patients are also being discharged earlier in order to save costs, especially in a managed care environment. The nurse spends more time with a patient than any other health care worker, thus the level of knowledge and research utilization is incumbent upon the nurse (Dr. Danielle West, personal communication, August 4, 2006). Glazer and DeKeyser (2000) also tell us that nurses comprise the highest proportion of health care workers."
Tags: health, care, worker, federal, spending, collaboration, clinical, social
Abstract This paper discusses love in James Joyce's "Dubliners", through the analysis of selected stories: "Araby", "Eveline", "A Painful Case" and "The Dead". It looks at how his love stories reflect his attitude towards Dublin (harsh, not softened or sweetened) and for that reason they rarely have "happily ever after" type endings. The paper moves chronologically through the book and shows how the book also proceeds chronologically in terms of the age of characters (Joyce's idea) who steadily grow older story by story, to represent the different facets of a Dubliner's life.
From the Paper ""Araby" is one of Joyce's stories of childhood, of childhood love. Even the setting is so hopelessly idealistic: "The space of sky above us was the color of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed" (24). This boy, who has fallen in love with his friend Mangan's sister, is completely desperate for her: He follows her in the shadows as though she were a ?summons to [his] foolish blood,? his "heart leaped" at the very sight of her on the doorstep, his "body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires" (25). When they finally talk to one another, she tells him she would like to go to the bazaar, but can?t."
Abstract Long before the events of September 11th made Islam a topic of debate in the Presidential elections and Arabic one of the 'must learn' languages for college graduates wishing to study international relations or enter the military, Martin Lings wrote a book upon the life of the prophet who founded the third major religious tradition of the modern world, after Judaism and Christianity in chronological fashion. This paper shows how Lings bases his book upon early sources. Although his biography evolves in a story-like fashion, told in modern English, he is anxious at all times to cross-reference all of his sources with early and contemporary accounts of the leader, as well as provide a modern coherence and 'gloss' upon the chronology of Muhammad's life for Western readers. The paper, in particular, discusses the locations Medina and Mecca in Lings' book.
From the Paper "The spiritual power of this pilgrimage should not be underestimated. It has affected the spiritual development of many Muslims up to this present day. Malcolm X, shortly before his death in 1964, said that the pilgrimage to Mecca in Arabia helped him see that Caucasian individuals could be good, as he worshiped with blue-eyed and blond haired Muslims, Arabs, and Africans. Mecca has become the holy site of Islam, although historically Medina is equally important, as it provided a consolidating base to generate followers, solidify his political following of authority and leadership, and to rally support against his opposition in his home city of Mecca."
Abstract This thesis discusses the role of food in world famines and delineates how the occurrence of famine has changed with time. Special emphasis is given to various precipitating factors- such as the specific role of certain foods and crops, weather, insects, pollution, ergotism, plague, politics and government- and how they contributed to each instance of famine. For the purpose of clarity, this subject is presented chronologically, first in respect to Ancient Egypt and then to Medieval Europe. Religious, mythical, as well as scientific based causative factors are delineated throughout this chronological narrative.
Introduction
Body of Paper
Egyptian Famines
European Famines
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Famine, or drastic food shortage, has plagued man since time immemorial, causing violent hunger, starvation, disease, and death. Wikipidia.com defines famine as "a phenomenon in which a large percentage of a region or country is undernourished and death by starvation becomes increasingly common" (Wikipidia, 2005). When famine does not kill, it overwhelms its hunger stricken survivors. Survivors, in their desperate attempts to acquire food, have been known to resort to robbing, killing, infanticide, and even cannibalism. Historically, when ancient man had no scientific explanation as to famine's cause, he searched for answers by turning to and seeking solace in myths, folklore, and spirituality. In time, famine made its way into the myths and folklore of various cultures. For example, the ancient Greeks believed that famine was one of the three evils, along with war and pestilence, contained within Pandora's Box, and unleashed onto mankind, once opened (Rodney, 2002). This dreaded phenomenon has been so prevalent throughout history, one need not search far in order to find numerous references to it in literature. Most notably, perhaps, famine is represented in the New Testament as one of the "Four Horseman of the Apocalypse." Thus, while ancient man may not have understood famine's causative factors, he certainly felt the general havoc, death, and destruction left in its wake."
Abstract This paper discusses the period of Japanese history known as the Kamakura Shogunate. The paper explains that the Kamakura shogunate was the first of the military governments that would rule Japan until 1868. The paper examines how the shogun Minamoto Yoritomo created a system of military governors and military land stewards in addition to the civil governors and estate officials. An appendix is attached to the paper listing the chronology of the Kamakura period.
Outline
Overview
The Feudal Age
Organization
Administration
The Rise and Success of Buddhism
Civil War
After Kamakura
Chronology of Kamakura Period (1185-1333)
From the Paper "While establishing military authority, however, Yoritomo failed to ensure that his family would successfully succeed him. His sons were eliminated by the Hojo clan, which from 1203 held the position of shikken (shogunal regent). After 1221, when the retired emperor Go-Toba failed in his attempt to overthrow the shogunate, military authority increased. Warriors, while largely illiterate and unskilled in administration, were definitely effective governors. The Hojo upheld the military virtues on which the shogunate had been founded and proved solid successors to Yoritomo."
This in-depth paper examines the existing evidence and research regarding the first arrival of humans into Europe which is continually being revised and debated.
Abstract This well-researched and in-depth paper analyzes the available evidence and research regarding the earliest expansion of humans into Europe which is continually being revised and debated. This paper details the two distinct and widely differing viewpoints relating to the first permanent Europeans. Supporters of a short chronology believe that the first residents of Europe migrated into the area from the near east approximately 500-thousand years ago. Whereas other fossil-rich sites in Europe continue to reveal thousands of other large mammal remains dated to the lower and middle Pleistocene epochs, dating to before 500-thousand years ago. The best evidence supporting a belief in the short chronology comes from a mandible found in Germany in 1907 at Mauer dated to around 500-thousand years ago. This paper delves into the long-running discussions of when Europe was first colonized, which has recently been fueled by new discoveries from the Iberian peninsula, which reports hominid occupation 800-thousand years ago or perhaps even 1.8-million years ago. The writer also discusses the detailed excavation of the Atapuerca sites in Spain which reveals evidence of earlier human expansion into Europe than was previously believed.
From the Paper "Looking at Middle Pleistocene fossils from Europe, we have a number of human remains, some more reliable than others. For a considerable time, a supposed human molar found at the Czechoslovakia site of Prezletice in the company of what were believed to be human-made stone tools was believed to be one of the oldest human fossils from the Middle Pleistocene, with paleomagnetic studies dating it to about 780-thousand years ago. However, more recent studies have reclassified the tooth as belonging to a member of Ursus. Other contestable evidence from central Europe has been unearthed near Sedlesovice, where what appears to be a quartz artifact was discovered, and from Trzebnica in Poland, where similar artifacts have been unearthed."
