Abstract
This paper will take an in-depth look at the control or command that Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien has over the members of his Liberal Party. His remarkable rise to power and in-party support will be examined, and the internal feuds that have recently erupted within the party will also be delved into, in a bid to assess his authority over members of his own party.

Abstract
This paper explores the relevance of Christian imagery or allegory to the main characters in "The Knight with the Lion", "The Knight of the Cart", and "Perceval", all written by Chretien de Troyes. The paper examines the thesis that the Christ allegory is increasingly removed from the main character as that character becomes more Christ-like in stature.

From the Paper
"Throughout literary history, allegory has been an important tool in giving authors' messages an added level of legitimacy. The act of decoding a subtle message gives it that much more of an impact than a bluntly stated literal message. There is, however, an essential problem with the use of allegory; "in effect allegory seems trapped between constraint and license: unable to lift its anchor, on the one hand, and liable to go adrift on the other." Allegory can be neither completely literal nor completely abstract."

Tags:arthur, christianity, king, romance

Abstract
This paper presents a brief biography of Jean Chretien, Canadian Prime Minister since 1993. It outlines his political career and important policies-the White Paper, the NEP, the Constitution, debt reduction, political ethics. It also appraises his career.

From the Paper
"It is interesting to imagine how Dante would have read Chretien de Troyes' Yvain, or the Knight with the Lion. Because of his foolish pride, Yvain breaks a vow that he made with his wife. As a result, the knight is tortured by the loss of love and must undergo a series of trials before he can win her back. In his system of moral values outlined in The Divine Comedy, Dante makes it clear that he believes that the punishment should always fit the crime. For example, the diviners and astrologers in hell who wanted to see "too far ahead" are punished by having their heads turned backwards (Dante 251). In another example, Mahomet (Mohammad) and his son.in.law Ali, the founders of Islam, are described as "sowers of scandal and schism" who must therefore spend eternity in hell with their faces and bodies split open (349). In Yvain's case, Dante would probably have.."

Tags:Yvain

Abstract
This paper comprises a character study of the protagonist in de Troyes' work. It examines the paradox evident in Lancelot's character - how Lancelot is merely a mortal man, yet he is on a quest that demands that he be immortal. The paper also explores Lancelot's many flaws which deter his ability to fully embrace his knightly code, and examines how de Troyes exploits the knight's flaws to fully understand his character and choices. The paper also includes an investigation of how De Troyes uses the knight to explain issues of morality and ethics.

From the Paper
"There is a commonplace phrase that makes the claim that, "the road to hell is paved with good intentions." Lancelot, the main character in the Knight of the Cart, despite an outward display of unyielding courage is often deceived by his own intelligence and places priority in being a knight above being a knowledgeable person. He's frequently absent-minded and so concerned with others' welfare that he often neglects his own. Constantly taking bold action, he fails to realize how often his knightly instincts lead him on a dangerous road. He possesses a great weakness for the love of Guinevere and this propels him to undertake a perilous journey and make many "well-intentioned" choices. In Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart, written by Chretien de Troyes #1497;, Lancelot is portrayed as a modest and magnanimous man. He repeatedly fights for the sake of others and time and time again risks his own life to rescue the queen. Though, he is seemingly a fearless and fierce fighter, de Troyes exploits the knight's flaws. His imperfect characteristics are the ones which provide for his humanness and ultimately exemplify how even the bravest, strongest and most noble intentioned persons can fall victim to the power of love. Thus, the Knight of the Cart is merely a mortal not a mystical man and is often gullible, foolish and desperate."

Tags:medieval, quest, character, study, protagonist, paradox, mortality, flaw, knightly, code, morality, ethics

Abstract
This paper examines how Chretien's "The Story of the Grail" introduced the audience of the Middle Ages to the spiritual realm of the grail quest, a theme which has dominated Arthurian legend and inspired its readers ever since. In particular, it looks at how in the same way, the "Grail Castle" episode adds an extended spiritual dimension to the romance, and may be likened to the rising "sun", the "grail" that eclipses the brilliance of the "stars and the moon" in Chretien's elusive Grail Kingdom..

From the Paper
"The characters and adventures of Gawain and Perceval are differentiated through the dimension of the Grail Castle. The romance follows Perceval's ascending passage from ignorance in the Waste Forest, to knowledge through experience, a prerequisite for achievement in the Arthurian Kingdom. Gawain, however, is neither ascending nor descending, but represents the greatness of secular Knighthood in the Arthurian world. Perceval's greatest achievement in the romance is debatably his embrace of Gawain, symbolising his ascent to Gawain's level of Knighthood."

Tags:arthur, blancheflour, camelot, gawain, knight, perceval, sword

Abstract
This paper positively reviews Chretien De Troyes's prose translations of the five Arthurian romances. The paper then explains how the focus of Chretian De Troyes's translation differs from the focus seen in the original romances. Finally, the paper highlights the theme that is common to all the prose and explains how this theme is reflection of the times in which Chretien De Troyes lived.

From the Paper
"The book contains prose translations of all the five Arthurian romances written by Chr'tien de Troyes. These are "Erec and Enide", "Cliges", "Lancelot" (Le Chevalier de la Charrette), "Yvain" (Le Chevalier au Lion) and "Perceval". If the original poems are written in a vivid and alert style, with the stories succeeding each other at fast pace, so that the reader finds it hard not to continue the story, translation into prose makes them even easier to read and understand. A critique on this book closely relates to having a closer look at all five poems and at Chr'tien's work in general."

Tags:poems, king, arthur, legend, celtic, warrior, bravery, chivalry, knights, gallantry, adventure

Abstract
This paper discusses the legend of "Perceval," which grew in popularity when the French writer Chretien de Troyes published a popular written version in both France and Britain. The paper focuses on the content and the plot of the legend as it was written down. The paper also briefly discusses the history of its writing, particularly the fact that de Troyes did not complete it.

From the Paper
"The adventure of Perceval is similar to that of many other knights in these legends, beginning with the journey and the tests the hero must pass. This includes the need to maintain chastity, a test Perceval passes when he "has a close call with sexual temptation: slipping into bed with a demon in alluringly feminine form, he is only saved when his glance falls on the red cross inscribed on his sword pommel. The 'lady' and her silk tent disappear in a flash and a puff of smoke, leaving the tell-tale sulphurous stench of hell. A distraught Perceval stabs himself through the left thigh in penance" (Kaeuper 258). Such ability to resist is the mark of a knight, though many of the stories also suggest that the knight often fails this test at some point and then has to do penance to make up for his failure."

Tags:knight, Arthur, romance

Abstract
This paper takes the reader on a journey though time when it analyzes the function of ritual in "The Story of the Grail" by De Chretien Tores. The stories of mythical times continue to entice and fascinate readers even today. They are imaginations candy and a way to escape to the world in which magic exists and superpowers are the norm. The story of Perceval and the Grail is an especially touching one.

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the changing character of King Arthur and the ideals of the society in "How Cullhwch won Olwen" in Mabinogion, with those displayed in later forms of the Arthurian legend, such as "L'Morte d'Arthur" by Chretien de Troyes and Sir Thomas Mallory. This paper argues that King Arthur in "Cullwhch and Olwen" is a paragon of ancient Welsh ideals, which were heroic, but different and less refined than the ideals of the later medieval European society.

From the Paper
"From the early days of Welsh folklore up to the present time, King Arthur has been a symbol of the ideal king, and his kingdom has been seen as an ideal society. Arthur, his knights, and his kingdom have gone through many changes throughout history as new versions of the legend were written. Each time the tale of King Arthur was rewritten, it was different, as it was reconfigured to conform to the morals and ideals of the culture it was written in. In the story of How Cullwhch won Olwen in the Mabinogion, Arthur and his knights are legendary Welsh heroes."

Tags:folklore, welsh, medieval