Abstract
The paper discusses cholera, the bacterium vibrio cholerae, its causes, treatment and prevalence.

From the Paper
'The following presents the topic of Vibrio cholerae. Vibrio cholerae is a bacterium that causes cholera, a disease that leads to death within hours but can be easily prevented and treated for full recovery. The discussion of Vibrio cholera includes names of the organisms, a history of the organisms, prevalence, method of transmission, contagiousness, symptoms, treatment and more. This is followed by a summary and conclusion.
"Vibrio cholerae is also referred to as Kommabacillus. The genus Vibriohas Gram negative curved..."

Tags:cholera

Abstract
This paper examines the disease of Asiatic cholera, and how it was able to leave its Indian Sub-Continent habitat and invade the world on a global scale. The paper discusses how the rapid globalization of the nineteenth century facilitated the spread of cholera to Europe. The paper also traces European development in understanding the disease on a global scale, noting that the terrible cholera epidemics brought competing nations together in efforts to prevent the further spread of cholera. Finally, the paper concludes that cholera was initially viewed from the European perception as a disease that originated from a "barbarian" land and would be unable to penetrate the civilized industrial Europe; however, cholera was well-suited to survive and flourish in the poor conditions created by the rapid growth of urban cities created by industrialization.

From the Paper
"Nineteenth century Europe also saw the emergence of international cooperation in dealing with the cholera epidemic. From 1851 until the turn of the century there were eight International Sanitary Conferences aimed at tackling the cholera problem. The conferences looked to unite not from suffering from cholera but by working together to prevent its spread. Although signalled as an event which started internationalism it did attract some criticism. Contrary to the description portrayed by the conference of humanity as a big family, the conference was heavily biased towards Europe, with observers calling internationalisms flaw to be Eurocentrism. Despite being seen as a global effort it was seen to be Europe against the evil originating Asia, therefore focusing the conferences on the dangers of cholera posed to European countries. The conferences were hailed as a new chapter in world history as nations united under a common cause. However, the early conferences showed signs of internationalism in their infancy as many of the early conferences failed to receive unanimous ratification. However, towards the end of the century the European powers agreed to implement new strategies to combat cholera. The delegates devised not a borderless world nor a world of total borders, but instead, semi permeable checkpoints serving to protect Europe without hindering trade, the fundamental organ of the European economy. The cholera pandemic was the first major global event which brought the world together and raised the question that diseases were a global a burden, not one restricted to national borders."

Tags:disease, global, globalization, communicable, quarantine, preventative, sanitary, measures

Abstract
The paper discusses the disease known as Cholera and highlights the countries where it is generally found, as the disease typically occurs in underdeveloped counties that lack adequate water supplies and safe sewage disposal. The paper notes that the USA is free of the disease at present and goes on to highlight the causes and symptoms of the disease and its effect on humans as well as it's prevention and treatment.

Outline:
Introduction to Cholera
Cholera Symptoms and Diagnosis
Cholera Treatment
Cholera Prevention
Summary

From the Paper
" Despite the seriousness of the disease if not treated, cholera is not a difficult disease to treat and most people recover well with the prompt administration of oral rehydration (prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts to be mixed with water and drunk in large amounts) to replace lost fluids (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In more severe cases, intravenous administration of fluids may be required."

Tags:intravenous, administration, watery, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, muscle

Abstract
This paper describes the beginnings of cholera in Britain, how it spread through the country and the theories behind it. It also describes the work carried out by Dr. John Snow who spent years researching the illness to prove that the disease was transmitted through the water supply.

Outline:
Background to a National Disaster
The Beginnings of Cholera in Britain
The Theories of Cholera Transmission
Cholera Returns
The Work of Dr. John Snow
The End of the Epidemics

From the Paper
"In the 1830s, the idea of social class and the ensuing discrimination that came with it was alive and well in Britain. The poor struggled in bleak conditions simply to eke out the most meagre of an existence, literally lived hand to mouth, barely able to feed, house and clothe themselves and their families. While the rich and powerful factory owners used the toils of the labourers to line their own pockets with profits, and giving little or nothing in return to their workers. The poor did not trust their employers at all, in any sense of the word, and were locked in a cycle of poverty from which there seemed no escape. In 1798, Thomas Malthus, the noted economist, described the deplorable conditions of the poor in the cities and wrote about how the population explosion and how this phenomenon would continue to add to the burden of the poor, until it became a problem of huge proportions."

Tags:water, population, remedies

Abstract
This paper reviews the novel "Love in the Time of Cholera" by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and examines how the theme of love and sickness is used by the author by analyzing the book chapter by chapter. The symptoms of cholera include pallor, rapid heartbeat, lethargy and sleepiness or sleeplessness. The "symptoms" of being in love are very similar and tragic unfulfilled love can be as fatal as cholera. The novel focuses on the attitudes and experiences of the three major characters "Florentino Ariza, Fermina Daza and Dr Juvenal Urbino and how they, at times, find themselves in a feverish state through love " literally making themselves ill in sometimes comical and extreme circumstances.

From the Paper
"The story returns to the past until chapter five. Chapter two looks back to the youth of Florentino and Fermina. The young man makes a delivery to the girl's home and is attracted to her. He begins to make his feelings known. She eventually notices him sitting on a park bench on her way home from school, and that he looks ill. He finally plucks up the courage to give her a note and falls ill while waiting for a reply. His lovesickness is initially diagnosed as cholera. Florentino also makes himself ill by eating gardenias, drinking cologne and even eating rose petals."

Tags:caribbean, epidemics, suicides, sickness, symptoms

Abstract
This paper explains the current situation of cholera around the world and points out that Mali, Liberia, Iraq, Mozambique, Congo, Uganda, and the Ivory Coast are the most affected countries. It looks at what causes cholera and how it affects the body. It discusses some of the possible treatment options and prevention methods. It concludes that much more needs to be done to protect the Third World from this disease.

From the Paper
"Cholera is a disease that continues to have a devastating impact on many areas of the world, despite advancements in treatment and prevention. The simple fact is that large areas of the world still do not have access to safe drinking water, free from contamination from sewage and other pathogen sources. For this reason, it seems imperative that continued work progress toward the development of a safe and reliable set of vaccines, capable of protecting those that are unable to simply "avoid" contracting the disease while on vacation. After all, while tourist health is certainly important, one would imagine that the health of the millions of people forced through circumstances to live in the areas hardest hit by the disease be allowed to live a life free from the devastating affects of cholera as well."

Tags:citizen, disease, africa, asia, drinking, water, safe

Abstract
Gabriel Garcia Marquez's novel "Love in the Time of Cholera" is, on one level, the inspiring story of a love that lasted over fifty years and was consummated only when the two people (Fermina Daza and her devoted Florentino Ariza) reached old age. The paper shows that this is an involving story that keeps the reader attentive to the fortunes of the principal characters and entertained by the many digressions the author makes along the way. It shows, however, that the very title of the book hints that there is something more to the story. In the contrast between "love" and the plague of cholera it may seem that this is a story of the triumph of humanity's great achievement--romantic love--over the forces of nature that work against human happiness and well-being.

From the Paper
"The novel is set, roughly, in the period from the late 1870s to the 1930s in an unnamed city on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. In the course of the novel's time-span the impact of the presence of human beings on each other and on the land they occupy is a major focus of the novel. In the figures of Juvenal Urbino and Florentino Ariza there is a contrast between the man who is a part of the city and the man who works at the edges of humanity's attempt to bring the world under control. What they share, however, is an indifference to their surroundings, except as they serve their own immediate interests. Urbino and the city represent the empty conventionality and Europe-directed thinking of the remnants of exploitative colonial society, while Ariza, at the jungle outpost of the River Company, represents the equally exploitative modern mania for technological advances and the relentless expansion of commerce."

Tags:Juvenal, Urbino, River, Company, Carribean

Abstract
This paper discusses how love clearly exists within "Love in the Time of Cholera", a novel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, and how it is ultimately a book that celebrates the idea of an everlasting, true love. It looks at how love is shown in many forms in the novel, from the romantic professions of the young Florentino to the more mature love of Fermina and Florentino that comes with age. It also examines how, in between, Garcia Marquez writes masterfully of love within the concept of family and marriage and the ideas of fidelity, both sexual and emotional.

From the Paper
"Love in the Time of Cholera is a story about the love of Florentino Ariza, a young man who falls passionately for the beautiful girl Fermina Daza. The novel opens with the memorable opening line told by Dr. Juvenal Urbino "It was inevitable: the scent of bitter almonds always reminded him of the fate of unrequited love" (p. 01). The story takes place over about 50 years, spanning the beginning of the 20th century. Florentino, a humble riverboat worker, falls in love with the graceful Fermina who saunters with a "doe's gait making her seem immune to gravity", and "almond shaped eyes" (p.05). Fermina's family opposes their union, but the passionate young pair carry on their romance through secret letters and coded telegrams."

Tags:florentino, fermina, urbino, marriage, family

Abstract
This paper discusses a variety of critical viewpoints of Marquez's novel "Love in the Time of Cholera." Each stance is evaluated through textual examples. Emphasis is placed on how to interpret the ending of the novel. The characters are discussed in great detail as to how their actions influence the outcome of the novel.

From the Paper
"Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Love in the Time of Cholera is often interpreted as a sentimental love story whose characters embrace romantic stereotypes while validating the clich's which dominate them. Thomas Pynchon aspires to this view when he describes the novel as an offering of hope; a revolutionary work which suggests "that the vows of love made under a presumption of immortality " youthful idiocy, to some " may yet be honored, much later in life when we ought to know better, in the face of the undeniable". For Pynchon, Marquez wants to assert the possibility that a character such as Florentino can keep his promise to love Fermina Daza forever. "To live a long, full and authentic life based on such a vow, to put one's allotted stake of precious time where one's heart is"(Pynchon, 1). Elizabeth Beverley cites this premise as the reason the novel spent several months on the New York Times' bestseller list. "People want to read about a kind of love which both defies and redeems time, anger, and contagion". However, she more perceptively points out the ironic metaphor of the opening chapter. Juvenal Urbino finds out that his friend, Jeremiah de Saint-Amour, is not the person he seemed to be. "It unsettles him; he cannot keep his footing, literally cannot keep his footing. And so he falls"(Beverly, 2). Juvenal's mortal fall parallels the reader's loss of footing. As the novel unfolds, we find that it is not the sentimental love story we wanted to read about. "We are like his man (Juvenal), believing that we know certain facts about these kinds of big books, believing even that we are being invited to read the lives of one set of characters. Then, astonishingly, we find out that this novel isn't what it seems to be at all; we must readjust. We feel unsettled; we lose our footing"(Beverly, 2). Love in the Time of Cholera is not just a simple story of boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl back. Nor is it the triumph of love in old age. Marquez may seem to support these sentimental notions on the manifest level, but he savagely attacks them on the latent level."

Tags:american, criticism, gabriel, garcia, latin, literary, magic, marquez, postcolonial, realism

Abstract
The paper examines the nature and causes of this contagious disease and the response of the English government, once they realized that the filthy living conditions of much of the population was the prime cause of cholera. The paper traces the medical and social reforms enacted by the government and their far-reaching effects that are still felt today. It also analyzes the reaction to the epidemic by ordinary people as well as physicians and medical practitioners.

From the Paper
"Outbreaks of cholera in the nineteenth century began in Asia and India, and spread across Europe rapidly. "Every year the disease moved west, from southeastern Asia, in 1819, to China in 1820, and to Siberia in 1823. It was in Moscow by 1830, in Vienna and Berlin in 1831. It reached London in early 1832" (Athanassoglou-Kallmyer 686). This first outbreak was the worst, and was completely baffling to the people and to health professionals. They could not cure the disease, they could not control its spread, and it continued to occur in later years, which was even more frightening. There were several other outbreaks later in the nineteenth century, which did not kill as many as the first had, which some estimate killed up to 90,000 people in England. The second major outbreak was in 1848-1849, the third in 1853-1854, and the final outbreak took place in 1866."

Tags:Louis, Pasteur, Edwin, Chadwick, sewage, sanitation, Engels