Abstract
This paper looks at four organelles found inn all cells: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and the Golgi apparatus. It also looks at two components of photosynthetic cells - chlorophyll and chloroplasts. It explains the endosymbiont theory of eukaryote evolution, and explains what the limits are on cell size.

From the Paper
"The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes forming channels and tubes which are found throughout the cytoplasm of a cell. The endoplasmic reticulum helps move materials through the cytoplasm and to the cell membrane. Some endoplasmic reticulum tubules are studded with ribosomes on their cytoplasmic surfaces and this is known as rough endoplasmic reticulum in contrast to smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which has no ribosomes on its surface. The ribosomes synthesize proteins which are inserted into the lumen of the endoplasmic..."

Tags:endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endosymbionic theory

Abstract
This paper illustrates a laboratory experiment involving plants' use of photosynthesis, which is the chemical process that occurs in plants to convert energy, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen, and organic compounds; i.e. sugar. This experiment is intended to test how different conditions will influence photosynthesis on a broad bean plant Vicia faba. Photosynthesis differs depending on conditions of the plant. To test for this, the paper explains, the researchers created a standard curve for chlorophyll, and then examined two plants that were grown in separate conditions, one in normal light and water conditions and the other with added fertilizer of 20/20/20. If photosynthesis is stronger, the paper clarifies, the plant was expected to be more developed and in better condition. In conclusion, the paper notes that the experiment was successful, showing that the plant grown in fertilized conditions grew in more impressive ways. This paper includes illustrative graphs, charts, tables, and calculations.

Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References

From the Paper
"Part II dealt with building a standard curve for chlorophyll. A stock chlorophyll solution was obtained a long with four cuvettes. The cuvettes were labeled as 0, 1, 2, and 3. Four milliliters of distilled water was added to cuvette 0 using a 5mL pipette. Four milliliters of the stock solution was then added to cuvette 3 using a 5mL pipette. Then three milliliters of the stock solution and three milliliters of distilled water were added to cuvette 2 using different 5mL pipettes. Two milliliters of the solution from cuvette 2 was taken and put into cuvette 1 along with two milliliters of distilled water. The absorbance on the spec21 spectrophotometer was set to 650 and cuvette 0 was placed into it, the absorbance was adjusted to 0 making this the blank. Cuvettes 1, 2, and 3 were then placed into the machine one by one and the absorbance of each cuvette was recorded. The relationship between absorbance and chlorophyll concentration was then plotted. A line of best fit was drawn on the graph, the slope of which gave the chlorophyll extinction coefficient."

Tags:scientific, method, fava, bean, chorophyll

Abstract
The paper discusses how plants not only provide pleasing scenery but are essential sources of food and oxygen too. The paper describes how the seed develops from an ovule after a fertilization process has taken place. The paper discusses the plant's two organ system; the shoot and the root system. The paper relates that leaves contain the chlorophyll and are the most important part of the plant when it comes to photosynthesis. The paper points out that flowers are not part of every plant, but when they are present they have reproductive organs.

Outline:
Introduction
Structure
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The plant gets its beginnings from a seed. The seed develops from an ovule after a fertilization process has taken place. Plant life begins much in the same way that human life begins. Each seed includes an embryo, a food source and a protective outer coating. It can lay dormant for a period of time before germination occurs (Plant structure
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantstructures/summary.html). The structure of the plant system is very similar to the human system when it comes to the necessary elements for pollination and reproduction."

Tags:pollination, seed, stem, leaves, flower, root

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the characteristics and habitat of the corn smut, and its effects on the corn plant. The writer describes a research experiment that was detailed in the article "Infection of maize leaves with Ustilago maydis prevents establishment of C4 photosynthesis," by Horst and Engelsdorfj, and which was aimed at analyzing the influence the smut had on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in the infected maize plant. This experiment provides hard evidence that gall infected corn plants are much less productive than non-infected plants. Two graphs are included with the paper.

From the Paper
"The common corn smut or Ustilago maydis was said to be present in the Americas when white men first arrived. The taxonomy of the corn smut is: kingdom-Fungi, phylum-Basidiomycota, class-Ustilaginomycetes, order-Ustilaginales, family-Ustilaginaceae, genus-Ustilago, and species-maydis. The common corn smut is now located throughout the world in nearly every country that cultivates corn. Ustilago maydis feeds on C4 photosynthesizing plants but is most commonly found in sweet corn. There is no effective fungicide for the disease nor is there any natural resistance in sweet corn. However, hybrid species of corn such as Sweet Sue, Bellringer, Golden Security, Merit, Calumet, Capitan, Golden Gleam, Wintergreen, Midway, Pacer, Bravo, and Gold Cup seem to have some degree of tolerance for the smut."

Tags:teliospore, germination, chlorophyll, enzyme, sporidia, photosynthetic

Abstract
The paper focuses on an experiment that measures the absorption rate of photosynthetic cells under two variation in the light properties: intensity and wavelength. The paper describes the methods used and explains the results that show the light conditions in which plants and other photosynthetic organisms would be most efficient in the production of photosynthesis. The paper also notes the limitations of this experiment and the options for future research.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"Photosynthesis is the intricate process in certain organisms in which carbon dioxide and water is turned to oxygen and carbohydrates using the energy from sunlight. This sunlight is captured by photosystems within the chloroplast of the organism and supplies energy to drive the reaction. This experiment will measure the absorption rate of these photosynthetic cells under two variation in the light properties: intensity and wavelength. Eight different intensities and four different wavelengths will be systemically induced on cuvettes containing an artificial electron acceptor and chloroplast removed from spinach leaves. The absorbance levels will be recorded every 2 minutes for 16 minutes using a spectrophotometer and allow for photosynthetic rates to be calculated."

Tags:chlorophyll, oxygen, carbon, dioxide, chloroplasts

Abstract
This paper presents a series of laboratory experiments which determined first that the rate of photosynthesis is proportional to the light intensity lit on the subject. Second, it shows how the light-independent reactions were dependent on the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to form glucose.

From the Paper
"The most important source of energy for life on earth, photosynthesis is a process that we all rely on for our survival. In the cycle of life, oxygen is used by aerobic respiration and carbon dioxide is produced, which in turn is used in photosynthesis to produce oxygen and start the cycle over again. The two stages of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, are very different in their processes. In the following experiments we will study their relationship as well as the rate in which they produce oxygen. Using leaf discs with out oxygen, we will measure the amount of time it takes for these leaf discs to photosynthetically produce oxygen from water under varying light intensity. Our findings will show that the rate of oxygen production is proportional to the light intensity. Secondly, we will prove that the light-independent stage of photosynthesis is reliant on products from the light-dependent reactions in order to produce glucose. Our findings in both procedures will tell us much about the reactions in photosynthesis and the specific variables needed for its success."

Tags:atp, autotrophs, biology, botany, carbon, chlorophyll, chloroplasts, dioxide, energy, experiment, lab, nadph, oxidation, oxygen, photoautotrophs, photolysis, plants, reduction

Abstract
This paper discusses the history and uses of remote sensing. The paper specifically focuses on how remote sensing is used in agricultural applications from row crop to forage management, but also discusses its application in the fields of forestry and urban development. The paper looks at how remote sensing can be an invaluable resource for many business and professionals and how it has become a large part in how many people conduct their business. The paper concludes that remote sensing technology has evolved greatly over the last 30 years since the launching of the first space remote sensing satellite. One would believe that in the future, there will be many more advances and applications of this highly advanced technology to improve our knowledge of the earth. Several color images are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Applications of Remote Sensing in Field Crops
Remote Sensing in Other Applications

From the Paper
"Remote sensing can be very useful for many applications. It provides a unique perspective of from which to observe large regions. Remote sensors can measure energy at wave lengths which are beyond the range of human vision. (ex., microwave, ultra-violet, and infrared wave lengths.) This energy, called electromagnetic radiation, is emitted in waves that are able to transmit energy from one place to another. For example, this paper, plants, animals and air are reflecting and emitting a wide range of electromagnetic waves. Remote sensing is possible from nearly any site on earth."

Tags:radiation, electro-magnetic energy, satellites chlorophyll, drainage areas