Abstract The paper discusses ozone depletion and its causes, including products which introduce chlorofluorocarbons (cfc's) into the atmosphere. The paper also looks at the Montreal Protocol, a recent world resolution regarding the problem of ozone depletion.
From the Paper "An Antarctic ozone hole forms from September to November each year, caused by man made pollutants that destroy ozone in the atmosphere. The hole has been getting progressively larger. The culprits are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once used as coolants. The ozone hole above Antarctica starts forming in September, when springtime sunlight returns to the polar skies. The light energizes chlorine and bromine containing chemicals that break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere and destroy it. "Sunlight splits off chlorine from CFCs, and the chlorine ozone reaction takes place most readily on the surface of ice crystals" (Onion). Polar Regions reflects the greatest changes in ozone concentrations, especially the South Pole."
Abstract This paper explains the overall structure of the ozone layer and how chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs destroy the ozone molecules. The paper discusses how ozone depletion has spread from the Antarctic to various areas around the globe. The paper explores what the world is doing to combat this problem of ozone depletion.
From the Paper "To begin with, the ozone layer is a band of, well, "ozone" located in the upper atmosphere. More specifically, ozone itself is made up of three atoms of oxygen instead of the much more common two. This band of atypical oxygen molecules is found about 10-50 kilometers above the earth's surface - the numbers apparently vary depending upon the source consulted (Gleason para.2) - and shields the planet from harmful ultraviolet radiation ("Ozone Layer" sec.1-4). The creation, the production, of this band of ozone is complex for those not well-acquainted with chemistry. Be that as it may, it can be said that ozone is mostly produced by ultraviolet light hitting oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms."
Looks at the causes of this problem (chlorofluorocarbons) and the environmental & human effects. Includes discovery, theory and research in the field and examines international issues; focuses on corporate & economic effects of 1996 ban on CFCs.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 11 sources, 1997, $ 135.95
From the Paper "Introduction
Local, regional, national and international political decisions can have long-term effects on the ways in which companies conduct business. When public policies, such as those affecting the environment, take a significant departure from their historic orientation, the effect can be devastating to companies and organizations operating under the older guidelines. Yet there are times when public welfare or other compelling interests necessitate significant changes in policy to which business must adapt. This is the case with the 1996 ban on chlorofluorocarbons and the progressive ban on other ozone depleting substances. The scientific community has determined that these substances (commonly used at one time in aerosol propellants and in refrigeration systems) are contributing to the depletion of the ozone layer.."
From the Paper "Freon is the commonly known trade name used by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company to refer to a certain class of chemical compounds known as "refrigerants." Refrigerants are synthetic compounds called chlorofluorocarbons that are used to perform a variety of basic jobs. Chlorofluorocarbons generally are considered very stable, safe compounds; they are colorless, odorless, nontoxic, noncorrosive, and nonflammable. They vaporize at 300 degrees. Unfortunately, however, although they are considered nonreactive (or inert), they are believed to undergo destructive reactions when they reach the upper atmosphere that damage the ozone layer.
To make Freons, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or chloroform (CHCl3) is combined with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) and a suitable catalyst. The Freon results when a chlorine or a ... "
Abstract This paper describes chemical warfare in insects. The paper begins by offering a definition of the chemistry of vision. Next the paper discusses the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cancer. Then the paper explains the effect of chlorfluorocarbons on the ozone layer, nature, chemistry and sources of petroleum.
Tags: chemical warfare among insects, chemistry of vision, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer, chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone hole, petroleum
Abstract This paper examines the role of industrial emissions in bringing about global warming. The paper argues that as Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius recognized, such emissions are among the chief causes of the greenhouse effect. In the conclusion, this paper argues that alternative energy sources should be developed and adopted, in order to avoid any more environmental damage.
From the Paper "In addition to the ozone layer, fluorinated compounds are an extremely efficient greenhouse gas. One molecule of these synthetic compounds traps one thousand times more heat than a carbon dioxide molecule.
Many scientists have raised concerns regarding the global warming caused by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Author William F. Ruddiman argues, for example, argues that greenhouse gases trap heat and indirectly cause extreme climate changes such as floods and droughts (Ruddiman 165). Corollary to this, the National Assessment Synthesis Team (NAST) of the United States Global Change Research Program warns of more rapid and extreme climate changes if the world does not take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These include spikes in the heat index, increased frequencies of heat waves and the possible melting of glaciers in Alaska (Ruddiman 84). They trace greenhouse gases to human activities associated with industrialization. "
Abstract This paper examines climate change, global warming, greenhouse gases reduction, removal and disposal and the intersections between treatment technologies, energy savings and sustainable energy sources. It presents case studies of companies competing in the alternative energy industry in general and in biomass conversion in particular. It then reviews the literature concerning particular technologies for application to current carbon energy sources researched and practiced by researchers, government and industry today. Essentially, this study examines the methods used to reduce, remove and dispose of greenhouse gas constituents.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction
Importance of the Study
Background of the Problem
Problem Statement
Definition of Terms
Methodology Statement
Purpose of Study
Summary
Chapter II. Review of the Literature
Introduction
Defining Global Warming
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Variability
Sources of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases and Induced Climate Change
Anthropogenic Induced Climate Change
Atmospheric Temperatures and Recent Climate Changes
Positive Feedback Loops
Important Issues Affected by Global Warming
Public Health Issues
Precipitation
Ocean Warming, Circulation and Acidification
Sea Level Rise
Snow and Ice
Biodiversity
Ozone Depletion
Summary
Constituents of Concern
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Chlorofluorocarbons Nitrogen Oxides
Aerosols
Assessment of Treatment Technologies
Biomass Today
Boosting Production
Carbon Capture
Flue Gas Cleaning
Molecular Sieve
Chapter III. Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter IV. Data Analysis and Discussion
From the Paper "Beginning in the nineteenth century, machines of the Industrial Revolution first began using fossil fuels including coal and petroleum and were the start of a new economic engine. While unrecognized as a potential global issue at the time, the increased use of fossil fuels during this period in history began to contribute to the accumulation of so-called greenhouse gases. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are a byproduct of the combustion process of fossil fuels. Since the beginning of Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels have increased 30%, CH4 levels have increase 15 % and subsequent increases have occurred in all other GHGs. The result is the average increase in global temperatures was 10F from the mid-nineteenth century till near the end of the twentieth century. Within the last 25 years the average global temperature increase has been an additional 0.80F. This temperature increase follows the increase in GHGs. Figure 1 shows the increases in carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides from their various sources from 1970 until 2004. Scientific consensus is that this increase is not that of natural variation or solar radiation changes but from the results of human activities. Not only from the burning of fossil fuels but from the diminished natural buffers created by farming and resulting deforestation (Braasch 2007)"
