Abstract
The paper discusses how the use of chlorine in the pulp and paper industry harms the environment. The paper first discusses other technologies that can rid the pulp and paper industry of its dependence on chlorine bleaching. The paper then provides many statistics that show that a lot more work has to be done to migrate from the detrimental system that uses chlorine. According to the paper, the elimination of chlorine-based bleaching is not only a good practice, but a common sense way to survive as humans.

From the Paper
"Global warming is a real threat to the environment and the world today. We have seen the Arctic ice caps melt thereby seeing a rise in sea levels. The world is experiencing freak climate changes as a result of the global warming phenomena and this is all because of how humans abused the bounties of the earth. The ozone layer is already depleted due to the rise in greenhouse gases brought about by fossil fuel emissions. We could have done better but we did not, and we continually "rape and pillage" Mother Earth all in the name of profit and a convenient lifestyle. Fossil fuel emissions are not the only way we harm the environment. Even in the pulp and paper industry, the use of chlorine in bleaching these products and discarding the by-products also harm the environment."

Tags:chemicals, by-products, waste, environment

Abstract
This paper explains that the direct application of gaseous chlorine from pressurized steel containers is generally the most economical method for disinfecting large volumes of water. The author points out the types and sources of water pollution extend far beyond the ability of this single treatment process; therefore, American consumers should be aware that additional pollutants may continue to be present in their drinking water despite the best efforts of water treatment experts to make it safe. The paper suggests that taste or odor problems can be minimized through proper dosages of chlorine at the treatment plant with a residual concentration maintained throughout the distribution system to ensure a safe level at the points of use.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Analysis
Background and Overview
Current Applications
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Healthcare practitioners have long recognized that small amounts of toxic substances can sometimes have beneficial effects for humans, and this would seem to be the case with chlorine as well. As a chemical, chlorine is a toxic, corrosive, greenish yellow gas that is irritating to the eyes and respiratory system; it is two and a half times heavier than air. The substance becomes a liquid at -34C (-29F) and was first prepared from hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele; chlorine was widely regarded as a compound until research by Sir Humphry Davy showed (1810) that it cannot be decomposed and that muriatic (hydrochloric) acid is comprised of hydrogen and another true element that he named chlorine."

Tags:gaseous, taste, smell, pollution, residual

From the Paper
"There are various ways in which drinking water supplies can become contaminated. The two major sources for drinking water are surface water and ground water. About half of the nation's water supplies are provided by ground water (3:39). In rural areas, this figure is as high as 97 percent, because most of the water in those areas is obtained directly from the ground through wells (6:61). Both of these sources are subject to contamination. For example, surface water is contaminated by the chemicals, pesticides and other pollutants which are dumped into the nation's rivers and lakes. Ground water is contaminated by waste from landfills and also by leakage from hazardous-waste sites (6:61). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is aware of the "serious health risk" which is posed by this situation and has issued strict standards for the reduction of contaminants in ..."

Abstract
This paper describes these scientific materials under the following titles: Product Identification
Product Labeling
Physical Properties
Extinguishing Media
Special Procedures for Fire Fighters
Special Equipment
Health Hazards

From the Paper
"Highly toxic gas: Do not approach without vapor protection and appropriate protective clothing.
Small Spills:
- Isolate area 100 ft in all directions.
- Protect .2 miles downwind from spill during day, .8 miles downwind during night.
- Chlorine maybe absorbed in solution of caustic soda, soda ash or hydrated lime."
Large Spills:
- Isolate area 800 ft in all directions.
- Protect 1.5 miles downwind from spill during day, 4.6 miles downwind during night.
- Chlorine maybe absorbed in solution of caustic soda, soda ash or hydrated lime.
If fire is present:
- When possible, remove containers to avoid explosion.
- Use water only for smaller fires, do not use chemicals: Control run-off to avoid pollution.
- Once fire is extinguished, continue to cool containers: Avoid overcooling, as icing may occur.
- In case of large fire, use unmanned hoses or withdraw from the area. Explosion can occur.

Tags:laboratory

From the Paper
"Phasing-Out Chlorine: An Environmental Policy Examination
Introduction


From Love Canal to Columbia Beach to "Agent Orange" to the "ozone hole" to a myriad of other phenomena, the detrimental impacts on human health and environmental safety of chlorine byproducts gradually raised public awareness of the dangers associated with the industrial use of chlorine (Daniel, Reddy, Stober, and Olson, 1991, pp. 665-670; Daniel, Olson, and Stober, 1991, pp. 32-39). As public awareness of the hazards associated with the use of chlorine and chlorine byproducts has risen, so too have pressures for the..."

Abstract
According to the City of Brooksville 2006 Water Quality Report of the City of Brooksville Florida, water sources are deep wells drawing from the Floridan Aquifer. "The water is aerated, chlorinated for disinfection purposes and fluoride is added to promote dental health" (2006 Water Quality, 2006, p. 1). The City routinely monitors the drinking water for contaminants according to State and Federal rules, laws, and regulations. Sources of both tap and bottled water include "rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells" (2006 Water Quality, 2006, p. 4). The water dissolves naturally occurring minerals as it travels over the surface of the land, including radioactive material, and may also pick up substances from animal or human activity. The City of Brooksville's disinfection process mentioned above, controls microbes and any contamination, which may result (2006 Water Quality, 2006).

From the Paper
Running Head: BROOKSVILLE, FLORIDA Environmental Health Water and Sewage According to the City of Brooksville 2006 Water Quality Report of the City of Brooksville Florida, water sources are deep wells drawing from the Floridan Aquifer. "The water is aerated, chlorinated for disinfection purposes and fluoride is added to promote dental health" (2006 Water Quality, 2006, p. 1). The City routinely monitors the drinking water for contaminants according to State and Federal rules, laws, and regulations. Sources of both tap and bottled water include "rivers, lakes, streams,

Tags:florida, health, community

Abstract
This paper examines the use of chemical and biological weapons during World War II. It uses many academic sources with eyewitness accounts of the horrors of this type of warfare. It discusses the types of chemical weapons used, such as mustard gas and liquid chlorine. The author discusses the attempts of the international community to abstain from this type of inhumane warfare since World War II.

From the Paper
"All weapons cause damage, but what makes many chemical and biological materials so dangerous is the extent of the damage they can produce. These are weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Chemical and biological weapons are two of the three kinds of WMD, and nuclear weapons are the third type. Chemical warfare is the intentional use of toxic (poisonous) substances resulting in death or injury. World War I is universally considered the beginning of the era of "significant" use of chemical warfare due to the unique "confluence of chemical science and military technology" at the time. "

Tags:wmd, warfare, mass, destruction, german, britsh, french, mustard, gas, liquid, chlorine, world, war, i, wwii

Abstract
This paper discusses the process of solar cell manufacturing and looks at each step of the process in detail. The paper describes the processing stages of chlorine-free polysilicon production and describes the purity requirements for the silicon used in solar cells. The paper also briefly looks at the changes in the solar cell manufacturing industry over the past few years.

From the Paper
"The very last step of manufacturing a solar cell is adding the electrodes (electrical contacts) and interconnection strips. Electrical contacts connect each solar cell to another, creating a solar panel, and then to the receiver of the produced current. The contacts must be very thin (at least in the front) so as not to block sunlight to the cell. Metals such as silver, nickel, or copper are vacuum-evaporated through either a photo-resister, silkscreen, or they can be deposited on the exposed portion of cells that have been partially covered with wax. All three methods involve a system where the part of the cell on which a contact is not desired is protected, while the rest of the cell is exposed to the metal. And finally, the interconnection strips are soldered into place. Flux is applied to cell interconnection strips before soldering to act as a deoxidizer. It ensures better adhesion between the solder and solar cells. This provides positive contact for an electrical current and greatly lowers the probability of the current shorting out. After applying the solder and flux, the cell surfaces need to be cleaned with a chlorofluorocarbon compound."

Tags:electrodes, sunlight, silicon

Abstract
This paper explains that caulerpa taxifolia, which had been grown as an aquarium strain of caulerpa taxifolia bred for its pleasant appearance, rapid growth and tolerance for cold conditions, now is an accidentally introduced, invasive specie of algae, which has taken over the Mediterranean Sea. The author reports that the dense mono-cultures of the weed are smothering native plant and animal species, drastically reducing biodiversity, and, because of the toxic effects of the weed's caulerpenyne compounds, are making surviving fish, unsuitable for human consumption. The paper relates that some effective methods of eradication of caulerpa taxifolia are (1) covering and sealing by PVC tarpaulins, which were injected with chlorine, (2) applying coarse sea, (3) removing manually or using a sump-pump and (4) bio-control, which is the introduction of yet another non-native species that can combat caulerpa taxifolia.

From the Paper
"Efforts have been made in attempt to eradicate Caulerpa taxifolia at high costs. Six million United States dollars have been spent in Southern California (another location of C. taxifolia invasion) as of 2004 to kill the weed. And in South Australia, yet another place the invasive algae have been introduced, six to eight million Australian dollars have been spent on killer algae extermination. The elimination of Caulerpa taxifolia, while very costly, is necessary."

Tags:biodiversity, ecosystem, invasive, bio-control, toxic

Abstract
This paper explains that, for millennia, Lake Baikal's ecosystem has flourished in total isolation, untouched by the human population. Unfortunately, today, this precious Siberian ecozone is feeling the negative effects of human abuse. The author points out that the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM), one of the region's oldest functioning industries (around 40 years), is the major polluting source because it exploits an old and highly dangerous method of bleaching pulp by using chlorine. The paper relates that, over the last decade, world environmentalists have helped improve the situation and limited the damage to the delicate ecosystem, but a coordinated effort from the Russian and Mongolian governments is indispensable for tackling this environmental crisis.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Lake Baikal
Importance of Lake Baikal
Environmental Effects (Air and Water Pollution)
The BPPM
Mineral Mining Plants
Conservation Projects
Baikal Watch and Baikal Environmental Wave
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The biological importance of Lake Baikal is evident from the UNESCO declaration of Lake Baikal as a world heritage site and "the most outstanding example of a freshwater ecosystem". The range of climatic conditions within the surrounding areas of the lake has contributed to a rich variety of plant life in the region. While the Coniferous forests occupy the western regions, pine forests are common in the eastern areas and deciduous forests predominate the northern region. The fauna found in the lake is amongst the most diverse in the world with more than 255 amphipod species and 80 types of flatworms. The epishura, a tiny crustacean is the natural cleaning mechanism for the lake as it consumes all the decaying matter in the water. The most important and the only mammal species in the lake is the endemic Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica)."

Tags:isolation, bleaching, forest, seal, coordination