Abstract
This paper examines Shanghai's modernist literary movement popularly associated with the interval of 1917 to 1937. A second topic is introduced of how Ja Bin's novel of 1947, "Cold Night", describes the plight of the individual in relation to his or her connection to the state during the Sino-Japanese War, which inflicted such widespread and extreme suffering and destruction in China.

Outline:
Introduction
Lee, Shih and What Happened in Shanghai
"Cold Nights"
Concluding Discussion

From the Paper
"Literary modernism in Shanghai, as a 'movement' evolving between 1917 and 1937, continues to fascinate scholars of literature as much as those of modern Chinese history. Indeed, pre-World War II Shanghai continues to intrigue a variety of Westerners in particular as shown by a strong tourism industry of the present, visitors wishing to see what survives of "old" Shanghai, meaning the world of China's westernized elite, Chiang Kai Shek, or where the Soong Sisters liked to take cocktails in the evenings on visits, there. What some Chinese have regarded as run down, pre-War hotels and other structures of the past hold a powerful romantic or nostalgia appeal to visitors that may or may not have much to do with what Shanghai's literary scene was like through the 1920s and 1930s."
Mao, Nathan. "Pa Chin's Journey in Sentiment from Hope to Despair." Journal of the Chinese
Language Teachers' Association. 11. (1976): 131-137.

Shih, Shu-meih. The Lure of the Modern - Writing Modernism in Semi-Colonial China, 1917-
1937. Berkeley Interdisciplinary Studies of China Series No. 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.

Tang, Xiaobing. "The Last Tubercular in Modern Chinese Literature - on Ba Jin's Cold
Nights," in Chinese Modernism - the Heroic and the Quotidian. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000, 131-160.

& course materials, University of Toronto, 2006-2007.

Tags:Shanghai, communism, Chiang, Kai, Shek

Abstract
The paper discusses how the arrival of postmodern Western materials in Chinese in the 1980s coincided with Reform permitting greater literary freedom. The paper discusses Ge Fei & Yu Hua's use of time and memory as motifs imparting what occurred in 20th century China in terms of dislocation, confusion, ample suffering and with the promise of future work of the kind, given a 'glorious' globalized China in which a full third of the people are mere migrant labourers, just as displaced and exploited as the masses through time.

From the Paper
"By the 1990s, Chinese authors were able to convey the nature of post-Revolutionary China, revealing what the nation had endured. In the work of Ge Fei (1964- ) and Yu Hua (1960- ) one finds a strong ability to encapsulate a vast saga of modern Chinese upsets in stories of ordinary people undergoing bizarre and therefore, normal experiences, for the times and country in which they lived. Xudong Zhang commented on experimental fiction in the late 1980s as often featuring motifs of memory and time. The works discussed in this paper in Ge Fei's "The Mystified Boat" and Yu..."

Tags:ge fei, yu hua, modernism/postmodernism

Abstract
This paper discusses polyvocality and literary journalism within Peter Hessler's "River Town:Two Years on the Yangtze ". The paper analyzes Hessler's discussion of modernity and development and the way he struggles throughout his work with these topics. It then analyzes his use of language and writing technique and the way he relates to other groups of people in his work.

From the Paper
"The history of colonialism operates as a curse over the head of the Western writer; the stain of our civilization leaves the writer neutered and at a loss as to how to escape the repressive traditions and tropes of cultural representation. In the two millennia since Plato expounded on the existence of some thing called truth, the thing-in-itself, Western thinkers have been developing a theology worshipping a concept called civilization and opposing the alleged barbarism of the uncivilized. This hegemonic ideology envelops the modern and is inescapable, psychologically and geographically. While the hegemony of the West may be inescapable, its nature is, according to Martin Heidegger, "forever restructuring anew" (184). Modern philosophers are employed in developing theories of mutation grounded in Heidegger's assertion: if the West does shift, the best way to affect it is from within. David Spurr's Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Administration theorizes four techniques of contaminating the discourse of the West from within.
Peter Hessler's River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze toys with the conventions of travel writing, at points re-enacting its traditions while at other points offering a radical departure from usual techniques of representation. Hessler's ambivalence towards his hosts, the Chinese, permeates his work and his opinion of them fluctuates from love to despise. At times he finds himself respecting them while at other times he is frustrated with them. Hessler's failures - his obeisance to traditions of Colonialism - are of little interest, since he is simply following the norm; his use of Spurr's techniques, however, should be recognized for the alternative voice of foreign representation they offer."

Tags:polyvocality, Chinese, language

Abstract
The Confucian society of ancient China was filled with specific norms and values. Conforming or not conforming to these specific values could cause negative or positive impacts in many individuals' lives. This paper discusses how the characters Pao-yu, Precious Virtue, Black Jade, Phoenix and Chia Lien from "Dream of the Red Chamber" by Hsueh Tsao Chin; Shen Fu and his wife Yun from "The Six Records of a Floating Life" by Shen Fu and Women Wang from "The Death of Women Wang" by Jonathan Spence do or do not conform to Confucian society and the affect that this conformity has on their lives.

From the Paper
"Black Jade (Lin Ku-niang) another character from Dream of the Red Chamber is the woman Pao-yu is deeply in love with, like her lover she also has a rebellious nature. Black Jade is a very emotional, sensitive and dramatic girl who fails to conform to society because she was not an individual who showed filial piety, which was significant in a Confucian society. Black Jade loved Pao-yu and believed strongly that they were soul mates and destined to be married. The superiors in the Chia household especially the Matriarch, found Black Jade to have an arrogant and willful nature, they were not impressed by her unbridled behavior and found her speech to be most offending especially since it resulted as filial impiety. "

Tags:black, chamber, chia, fu, jade, lien, life, mei, pao, phoenix, red, shen, six, society, virtue, wang, yu, yuan, yun

Abstract
This paper will analyze the movement as an attempt made by a new generation of Chinese intellectuals to modernize the Chinese mind and thereby modernize the Chinese nation. This essay can only draw a reductionist sketch of very complex historical situations and it will largely focus on the participants of the movement and some of the key items on its agenda.

Abstract
This paper will argue that it is the conservatism of the Chinese polity during the Qing dynasty period which impeded the Chinese from adapting and modernizing in order to successfully meet the Western threat.

Abstract
The paper relates that the Chinese culture is masterful at making and shaping beautiful arts and crafts with their hands (Chow 37) and this artistry is also seen in Chinese architecture, which has inspired architecture globally. In fact, the paper reveals that Chinese architecture influenced many temples in Kyoto, Japan (see Appendix A) and had a major affect on the architectural style of renowned American architect Frank Lloyd Wright before he developed his own unique style (37). The paper points out that a distinguishing characteristic of Chinese architecture is that it contains many structures that are not joined together with nails, but are linked together by properly carved matching connections to provide strength and binding to the building. The paper discusses how this concept has also been adopted by modern Western architecture in the construction of columns and mobile partitions in various rooms and halls. The paper notes that Chinese architecture is also traditionally very colorful.

From the Paper
"The Chinese culture is masterful at making and shaping beautiful arts and crafts with their hands (Chow 37). This artistry is also seen in Chinese..."

Tags:chinese, architecture, modern

Abstract
This paper considers "Modernism" and "Imagism" as literary movements and includes their defining characteristics, origins, writers associated with the movements such as Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, Harriet Monroe, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and others. The paper describes the development of each movement in the 20th Century.

From the Paper
"At the turn of the twentieth century, the literary scene in both the United States and Europe began to undergo a significant transformation. The experience of World War I further fueled changes in literary conventions as writers and critics began to turn away from the traditions created during the Victorian and Edwardian eras and instituted a new narrative structure in both the poetic and prose forms."

Tags:Modernism, Imagism, literary, prose, poetry, Pound, Eliot

Abstract
This paper examines several themes in French intellectual and literary history and looks at the work of Proust, Surrealist writers and male and female writers. Literary quotations are in French. It also discusses how the literature is related to modernism.

Tags:Modernism, Surrealism, Litrature

Abstract
This paper discusses the Fifth Generation film of the People's Republic of China that has often been presented and analyzed as modernist when, in fact, it is more inclined to moralism. The films "Yellow Earth", "King of the Children" and "To Live" are examples that indicate a decade of work by film makers whose backgrounds and biographies are significant to what they produced. The paper concludes by stating that by assessing these works as 'Chinese modernism' misses its much more salient and intriguing features.

From the Paper
"The Fifth Generation of Chinese filmmakers is usually discussed with 1987 or 1989 given as the point as critical art films came to be tolerated by the Communist regime with Chen Kaige's Yellow Earth or `Hung Tun di' as reached the American market in 1988 held up as the pivotal production. (1984) In examining this film and also, King of the Children (1988) and To Live (1994), one sees that they can be assessed as modernist efforts, except for the unique environment of the People's Republic China, that..."

Tags:modernism, moralism, 5th generation