Abstract The paper discusses how recent Chinese blockbusters such as "Crouching Tiger," "Hidden Dragon" and "Hero" are examples of the popular resurgence of classical Chineseculture and mythology in post-Cultural Revolution China. The paper explains that after decades of effort by the communist authorities to wipe out all traces of traditional culture, national and international fascination with the beauty and romance of Chinese history and myth is stronger than ever. The paper relates that during the Cultural Revolution, not only were artists persecuted for creating 'reactionary' or 'traditional' art, anything of beauty was thought of as decadent and even flower gardens were destroyed."
Abstract This paper presents a comparison and contrast of the Native American culture with the Chineseculture. The paper claims that there are several similarities. "Native American" and "Chinese" are all-encompassing descriptive terms of the many different tribes and dynasties of each culture. Both cultures have rich, meaningful customs that are still passed on today, unlike many ethnic groups that have lost some of their culture due to the changing times. The paper contends that Chinese and Native Americans still believe in their own form of mythology. The paper discusses the social, political, and economical aspects of these two cultures.
Outline
I. Introduction
a. Two Richly Historic Societies
II. Social
a. Native-American Creation
b. Birth of ChineseCulture c. Compare and Contrast
III. Political
a. Native-American Politics
b. Chinese Political Systems
c. Compare and Contrast
IV. Economic
a. Early Native-American Economy
b. The Start of Chinese Economics
c. Compare and Contrast
V. Conclusion
From the Paper "Throughout their history, Native-Americans have been historic people of change. Food discovered and domesticated by Native-Americans would transform the diet of the incoming settlers and not just the offering that has been made famous as the "First Thanksgiving." Native-Americans also made many important contributions to modern medicine, art, architecture, and ecology. It is not widely taught but during the thousands of years preceding European contact, the Native-American people developed ingenious and creative cultures. They harvested plants for food, dyes, medicines, and textiles. They hunted and domesticated animals. They also established extensive patterns of trade which helped them build cities, "produce monumental architecture, developed intricate systems of religious beliefs; and constructed a wide variety of systems of social and political organization ranging from kin-based bands and tribes to city-states and confederations" (Mintz, 2003)."
Abstract This paper discusses various issues concerning Chineseculture and its place in American society. The papers provides an insight as to why the Chinese immigrate to the U.S., illustrates the differences between the two cultures and explains the impact America has on the Chineseculture.
The writer also poses the question of whether the Chinese lose part of their own culture due to American influences.
From the Paper "Chinese immigrants came to America in the middle of the 19th century searching for a higher quality and economic life. They came to America because of advanced opportunities, not only economicaly, but educational, health, constitutional rights, right to privately own businesses, homes, automobiles, etc. Ambitious Chinese Immigrants saw a better quality life, in the United States that their own country did not provide. The primary reason for Chinese immigration to America is that they were enthusiastic, excited and very eager to capture the opportunities in America."
Abstract This paper discusses how for years, researchers have argued about the nature and character of Asian culture in general and that of Chinese and Japanese culture specifically, for various reasons. Though both countries are part of the collective Asian culture and all that that categorization implies: collectivistic, homogeneous, Confucian and industrious, they are also polarized differently from each other. The paper further discusses how in this respect, it is paramount to examine each market differently, or rather, from a different perspective. For Japan, it is perhaps best to examine from a socio-cultural point of view. In Japan it is conformity to cultural folkways and mores that are perhaps more problematic since it is a democratically run economy with constitutionally supported civil rights.
Abstract This paper examines the causes of the ChineseCultural Revolution, including the Great Leap Forward and Mao's subsequent loss of absolute power. Through the fanaticism of his youthful followers, known as the Red Guards, Mao was launched back into power and unleashed a reign of terror across China. In this research paper, there is special emphasis on the destruction caused by the Red Guards, including, but not limited to, book burning, vandalism, torture, and even murder. This paper essentially discusses the nature of fanatical Maoist ideology. It supports its thesis through the use of primary sources, such as biographies of those who survived the cultural revolution and documents from the period including movies, music, posters, and government documents. A full biography and footnotes in Chicago Manual/Turabian style are included.
From the Paper "During the 20th century, China experienced unprecedented turmoil and instability. In 1911, the Imperial Ch?ing dynasty was overthrown only to be replaced by two decades of constant civil war and anarchy. Although Chiang Kaishek managed to unify the country in 1928, his rule saw further trouble including the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and a communist insurrection led by Mao Zedong. Following Japan's defeat in the Second World War, Chiang Kaishek, despite some initial successes was defeated at the hands of the communists and was forced to flee to Taiwan. Mao Zedong announced the birth of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Throughout his reign, China suffered from several disasters including the Great Leap Forward, the Hundred Flowers Campaign, but especially the Cultural Revolution. Lasting from roughly 1966-1976, the Cultural Revolution has been considered the most violent and chaotic period in China's modern history. During this era, China experienced the triumph of ideological fanaticism over pragmatism, the mass execution of millions of people, and the near destruction of ancient Chinese culture."
Abstract The paper discusses the Chinese market which is rapidly changing in light of the increasingly global market place. The paper states that the economic boom in China's urban areas is creating a new consumer culture where the consumer has more disposable income, which has affected consumer preferences within the Chinese marketplace. The paper states that the result is that a sophisticated Chinese consumer is emerging and foreign companies need to market to their sophisticated needs, while at the same time marketing to the general population's needs. The paper states that the most effective way for a company to build a strong brand name in the rapidly emerging Chinese market is to adapt itself to the rapidly changing Chineseculture. The paper concludes that despite the numerous challenges that the Chinese market presents, a company can be successful if it spends the time and resources necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the local culture and the Chinese consumer's attitudes and thus becomes prepared to cope with the many unexpected intricacies of the Chinese marketplace.
Outline:
Introduction
Understanding Cultural Issues
Collective Society
Brand Perception
Language
Aesthetic Sense
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Chinese people carry with them a strong aesthetic sense, based on their perceptions of nature. To the Chinese consumer, in general, images of the natural form are highly attractive. For example, mountains and animals are often used in association with brand names in order to create attractive brand imagery and visual displays. On the other hand, abstract symbols are not favored as they are inconsistent with the Chinese cultural preference for natural aesthetics. Further more, the marketer needs to understand that the Chinese people enjoy complicated forms and shapes and certain colors. For example, the color red is seen as being the most cheerful color and thus can be successfully used to attract people's attention. Another example is the Chinese preference for peaceful imagery, largely a result of the influence of such religions as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. When a company is designing a strategy for marketing their brand in the Chinese marketplace, all of these aesthetic considerations must be made. Therefore, it is important to use specific colors and imagery in order to strengthen the brand's market presence and thus increase overall company profits."
Abstract The paper discusses the premise that regardless of the efforts of the Chinese media to exclude Western themes from the media, public demand has allowed some Westernized female images to creep into the media of mainland China. The research explores the presence and prevalence of westernized female images in Chinese advertising media.
The paper offers a background of Chinesecultural ideals and provides a literature review. The paper shows how a new image of Chinese women is emerging in the media that is accepted more readily by the women than the men.
Outline:
Background of the Problem
Literature Review
Methodology
Results and Discussion
From the Paper "China is a country steeped in tradition. Historically, it has been resistant to change and the introduction of foreign influences. For many years, China had an isolationist policy towards any type of foreign influence. China wanted to prove that they were self-sufficient. This exclusion of foreign influence isolated them culturally as well. Chinese cultural ideals were reinforced. Traditional female and male roles were predetermined before a child's birth, and the child dare not try to break them."
Abstract This paper is on how the Chinese media covers the Chinesecultural historical events. It includes Chinese traditions, arts and architecture, music, paintings and how it changed periodically.
Abstract This paper provides a quick look at basic Chineseculture for a traveller or businessman. It explains that Chinese customs are rooted in thousands of years of tradition. Therefore, etiquette is socially ingrained and in many instances, immutable. The writer points out that a foreigner who stays in China for any length of time or who hopes to do business with China should be respectful and observant of Chinese manners.
From the Paper "Chinese thinking styles have been found to be different from Western style of thinking. A study of Chinese corporate executives by Francesco Sofo and Ting Wang showed that the Chinese subjects showed a "high" style of thinking, characterized by analysis and critique: Chinese people will not immediately agree to an issue before thinking about it carefully and questioning all possibilities. Blind faith is not common. Similarly, Chinese executives enjoy implementing plans and creating rules, as long as their social position requires it. Because Chinese culture is hierarchical, it is important for people to be aware of and respectful of different roles and levels of power. Moreover, Chinese culture is less individualistic than American culture; personal progress is never placed above the progress of the organization. Chinese people generally frown upon open displays of anger or any other strong emotion and are indirect in their modes of communication. Directly insulting a person is one of the strongest taboos; "losing face" is an insult to a person's honor and integrity."
Abstract The writer notes that the faith of the Chinese in the teachings of Chairman Mao was so strong that it permeated every aspect of urban life, both private and public. Schools rang with the teachings of communist ideals and adults both feared and praised the rules imposed on them by their government. This paper examines the effects of the communist ideal on the people of China. The writer of this article states that the movement of China toward communism was a turbulent one, resulting in social disorder. By providing the reader with an often painful inside-view of the turmoil of the classes during the Great Cultural Revolution of China in his book, "Son of the Revolution", Liang Heng reveals the strength of the Chinese people at a time when China's social structure was at its weakest. This article discusses the permeation and effects of Communist ideals in Chinese society.
From the Paper "Additionally, although the peasants did hold some amount of reverence for Mao's ideas, they did not truly understand the purpose of the Revolution; they saw only themselves having to struggle harder to support a movement that made no sense. As a movement to "Attack the Evil Winds of Capitalism" struck the countryside, for example, rural peasants were left wondering about Mao's intent for them. Liang Heng recounts a tale of a peasant who was told to destroy his ducks - a valuable commodity to a peasant and a symbol of capitalism to the Party."
Abstract This paper reviews how the cultural values of the Chinese people, especially that of the fraternal respect that is seen amongst siblings, comes largely from the religious beliefs and values of the Chinese. The paper discusses Taoism and Buddhism, relating these religious values and perspectives to the Chineseculture of fraternity.
From the Paper "In "The Tao of Physics," Fritjof Capra talks of the blending of east and west that can occur when mysticism and science meet and mingle. Much of this is happening today to some degree because of the globalization of society. In the east, Taoism is more of a religion. In the west, it is a system of belief that can be applied to something specific to see what kinds of results are achieved. This is different than applying it to daily life and everything one does, but it is still important. However, in China Taoism is used to teach many different cultural values, including the fraternal respect that siblings need to have for one another.
In the book, Capra says that "If there is an intuitive element in science, there is also a rational element in eastern mysticism" (33). By this, he means that both science and mysticism are more than what they seem on the surface and the opinion that science is purely analytical, or the opinion that mysticism is purely theoretical, is simply not correct. It does not delve deeply enough into what science and mysticism really are, and this deep exploration is the only way to understand them fully. Capra's statement shows to all of his readers that he values the eastern beliefs just as much as the western beliefs, for there are elements of each in mathematics, science, and other arenas that many western thinkers see as factual and nothing more. "
Abstract This paper looks at the planning of a Chinese function as part of a university assignment. It summarises the whole function from pre-planning, organization until the end production, taking into consideration marketing and finances as well as the catering. It examines how the students demonstrated that they can employ supervisory skills through the planning, organization and production of a function,through the use of practical and technical skills and by the interpretation of the Food and Beverage Control Cycle through the application of the principles and procedures to a practical situation.
Outline
Introduction
Pre-Planning
Approach to Setting Objectives
Strategy for Achieving Objectives
Analysis of:
Marketing Considerations
Financial Considerations
Catering Considerations
Evaluate Function Failures and Overcome Difficulties
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix 1 Pre-Planning Function Menu
Appendix 2 ?Taste Chinese Food, Taste ChineseCulture? Function Menu
Appendix 3 Handling Complaints
Appendix 4 Blueprinting of the Function.
Appendix 5 Service Procedures
Appendix 6 The Failures of Each Co-Ordinator
From the Paper "A comparison of competitive catering services reveals trends in private party formats, cuisine menus, theme and entertainment concepts. Competitive business can often provide valuable information to new and developing operations. Although competition wasn?t a major problem for the function operation because of the nature of this function- it is a university assessment. The consideration of the competition should not be ignored to help to maintain the function to be better and professional. Group 1 chose Chinese food and Group 2 chose Moroccan food. These 2 groups had exactly same location, facilities and support from the university teachers, and the 2 groups targets on the same customers- university students, lecturers, university staff, their own family and friends etc."
Abstract The paper describes how Chinesecultural traditions shape and transform the lives of each of the main characters in Chang's work, "Wild Swans", influencing them to adopt political loyalties that eventually end up destroying their lives and true cultural traditions. The paper examines how the author reviews the political upheaval occurring in China during the 20th century, suggesting that cultural traditions impacted not only individuals' mentality and political loyalties, but were also manipulated by the government to worship someone who would ultimately destroy any semblance of culture and tradition. The paper concludes that Chang accurately reflects the obstacles faced by Chinese women living during this time as a reflection in part of cultural traditions.
Outline:
Introduction
Communism Under Mao
Conclusion
From the Paper "Suffering is considered in Wild Swans to be the norm rather than the exception to the rule, a cultural tradition that endures through three generations in Chang's work. Through suffering each of the women believes that they are fulfilling their obligation to their leaders and the communist party. The first generation of woman represented by Chang is the concubine of a warlord. Her daughter is the second woman surveyed by Chang, and then the third the daughter again, who reflects the author's life and circumstances. Chang begins her work in the 1920s telling the tale of the grandmother who following multiple traditions and customer becomes a concubine, bound to her leader and warlord out of a sense of duty. Chang focuses much of her attention on her mother however who as a teenager becomes a communist."
Tags: Mao, feudal, Chiang, Kai-shek, Cultural, Revolution, western
Abstract In this article the writer notes that in order to provide effective nursing care, nurses must have knowledge of the client's worldview which is influenced by their cultural beliefs, values and life ways. The writer points out that in Chineseculture, the approach of patients to health and illness centers on the concept of balance, and is holistic and traditional. The writer maintains that health is understood as a state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature and illness caused by some upset in body energy. The case study demonstrates the differences that often become apparent between cultural beliefs and practices versus the perspective of nursing. This paper focuses on the cultural factor of religious and philosophical factors. The writer concludes that religious and philosophical factors greatly influence what Chinese people do and what choices they make.
From the Paper "In contrast to Chinese religious and philosophical beliefs regarding health and disease, nurses in Western culture are trained in a much different way regarding nutrition. Nurses also are instructed to push fluids. For nurses, the focus on nutrition involves its role in healing in relation to the need for protein and fiber as well as electrolyte balance. The normal course of nursing actions is that when the problem is hypertension, then the amount of sodium is restricted. Whatever foods might be contributing to the health are either very limited or are eliminated from the diet. In the case study, nurses are following the usual procedure in promoting fluids for the patient in order to enable Mr. W. to recover from his bladder surgery. To achieve the health outcome, it is very common for nurses to provide patients with cold tap water. The issue is that both Chinese cultural practice and professional nursing practice both are concerned with the same outcome."
Abstract The role of the supernatural in the affairs of the living, as a Chinese literary and cultural theme, is discussed with reference to "Dream of the Red Chamber", "Six Records of a Floating Life", "The Death of Woman Wang", and the works of Yuan Mei. It is emphasized that the supernatural was regarded as a natural and recurring set of forces having effect in the temporal, material world.
