Abstract
This paper explains that the spectacular growth and development of the urban habitation over the past 16 years is just the beginning of a gigantic phase of extension. The author points out that China's ecological problems from the speedy urbanization and industrialization process in the recent decades generate social effects, causing a great deal of harm to human health, instigating economic and welfare suffering, and harming the environment in both urban and rural areas of China. The paper relates that, because of increasing industrialization and urbanization, the majority of the Indian cities have exceedingly compact habitation that results in overcrowding, clogging, obstruction, traffic jams, air pollution, noise pollution, as well as major deficiencies of vital requirements and necessities of life

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on China
Ecological Problems in Urban China
The Problem of Water and Cleanliness in Urban China
The Problem of Clearance of Waste-Water in Urban China
The Problem of Air Pollution in Urban China
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on India
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The velocity of urbanization and industrialization was extremely slow prior to the late 1970s when contrasted with other developing states. The proportion of urban inhabitants was 11.2 in 1950, and still barely 17.9 by 1978. This low degree of urbanization had been the consequence from purposeful procedures of restraining rural-urban immigration and urban increase. Economic restructurings have since accelerated the industrialization and urbanization procedures. Large numerals of towns, as well as, cities have surfaced, at the same time as old cities are quickly increasing their managerial spheres."

Tags:density, pollution, deficiency, development, environment

Abstract
This paper explains that, although India and China have embarked on a cooperative relationship in the last decades, India still views China as a threat. The author points out that the relationship between China and India was unstable during and after the Cold War. Nonetheless, the paper relates that, today, China and India are without doubt emerging technological powers. The author compares the technologies of these two countries and the ways that they are try to work together through various treaties such as the World Trade Organization agreement.

From the Paper
"A study group investigated the feasibility of a foreign trade agreement for China and India in April 2005. Such an agreement, under the World Trade Organization, implied a zero duty on goods. But it did not cover services, FDI or movement of persons. The study recommended that both countries should identify and remove trade and non-tariff barriers, which actually hampered their expanding bilateral economic cooperation efforts. These problems could be solved without the need for a foreign trade agreement."

Tags:technologies, border dispute, nuclearization, regulatory constraints, security

Abstract
The paper examines the economies of China and India as examples of current political economic systems. The paper discusses the extensive roles of the Indian and Chinese governments in their economies and highlights the many similarities between these economies. The paper asserts that due to the continued influence of the Communist Party, the Chinese economy requires a much closer relationship with economic principles based on democratic ideals.

From the Paper
"In 1948, the Chinese Nationalist government which had been made possible by nationalizing much of China's modern economic sectors, controlled the production of metal, electricity, the railroads and all petroleum industries and in 1952, the Chinese government nationalized all foreign-owned firms which resulted in "Chinese-owned enterprises being slowly taken over" while also encouraging their owners to stay in business and run their companies (Susumu, 125). By 1957, all enterprises were under state control and for the next thirty years, state-owned enterprises "thoroughly dominated the Chinese economy" and literally absorbed "the bulk of foreign investment funds" (Susumu, 126). Obviously, portions of this political economic system are still in action in today's modern China and have produced some of the most explosive economic growth of all time."

Tags:Communism, democracy, enterprises, market, liberalization

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of how classical China and classical India were influenced by religion, geography, government, agriculture, and other social structures. The paper also explores how these social structures were influential on other nations in Southeast Asia.

From the Paper
"Two of the world's oldest civilizations are China and India. For centuries characterized by stagnant economies and low quality of life, today Southeast Asia, India and China are experiencing rapidly growing economies and neoliberal economic reforms that are rapidly integrating the nations into the global marketplace. Due to religion, trade, geography, warfare and other aspects of society, classical China and India played a major role in shaping the societies or social structures of other nations like Malaysia and the Philippine Islands. Classical China and classical India..."

Tags:Malaysia, Indonesia, trade, navigation, naval power, warfare, invasion, Great Wall, dynasties, caste system

Abstract
The paper discusses China's market-orientated enterprise reform which has resulted in many employees being laid off. The paper cites several reasons for this growth in unemployment and notes the strain being put on the social security system. It also explains a new employment scheme being initiated by the Shanghai Government to combat the issue.

From the Paper
"Swift economic development was gone together with rising living standards for the majority of people. In 1992, in the Fourteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, it was determined that China's objective of reform was to construct a "socialist market economy." At the Third Plenum of the Fourteenth Party Congress, it was come to a decision that the existing scheme of state and collective owned enterprises was to be substituted by the "modern enterprise system" based on clarified property right, clearly defined responsibility and authority, separation of enterprises from the government, and scientific management." (He, 1998) The Fifteenth Party Congress in 1997 took a advanced step, deciding that whereas collective owned enterprises and small state owned enterprises were to be privatized, large and medium-sized state owned enterprises were to be reorganized as share holding corporations (He, 1998). In 1980s there was virtually full employment in the urban sector. However, since 1993, urban unemployment has been mounting speedily. By 1997, about 18.5 million workers had been laid off from state owned enterprises and urban collective enterprises, augmenting the real city unemployment rate to as high as about 10 percent (He, 1998)."

Tags:privatization, labor, industries, transition, instability

Abstract
This paper examines the geopolitical conditions confronting India at the outset of the 21st century and the politico-economic threats posed to it by regional embroilment in the war on terror. The paper argues that, within the regional context of the descent of the former Soviet Union and the ascent of China, India has to aggressively and comprehensively redesign its security agendas, further taking into account the relationship developed between the United States and Pakistan vis-a-vis potential implications for the Kashmir conflict.

From the Paper
"India's security concerns have changed dramatically over the past two decades. The country's primary external security problem is no longer Pakistan's nuclear capabilities and the potential of armed confrontation over Kashmir, and its internal security problem is no longer confined to the challenge of containing ethnic conflicts. India's security concerns have considerably expanded consequent to both the collapse of the Soviet Union and the former power's unaccounted for arsenal of weapons of mass destruction, and the status of the region as one of the focal points for the war on terror. It is imperative, as Amit Gupta a political science and security professor at Stonehill College states, it is imperative that India redefine its security priorities and design a new national security program which takes into account the geopolitical changes that have swept over the region (1044-145). Bearing in mind the changed geopolitical regional realities, India's new security agenda needs to address the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of China as the primary regional power, confront the challenges posed by the war on terror, bearing its domestic consequences in mind, and reassess its relationship with Pakistan, aiming towards a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir conflict."

Tags:china, conflict, kashmir

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the global economic structure, otherwise referred to as globalism or globalization, has seen an increased attention being paid to poverty levels in emerging and developing markets. Understanding poverty and how to alleviate is a critical component of joining the rank of first world nations. The writer discusses that while the list of countries that have encouraged foreign investment and trade is growing, the fact remains that few have experienced the type of economic success that China and India have experienced.

Tags:china, economic, policy

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the global economic structure, otherwise referred to as globalism or globalization, has seen increased attention being paid to poverty levels in emerging and developing markets. The writer maintains that understanding poverty and how to alleviate it is a critical component of joining the rank of first world nations. The writer points out that while the list of countries that have encouraged foreign investment and trade is growing, the fact remains that few have experienced the type of economic success that China and India have experienced. The writer argues that the discussion of poverty and its alleviation, vis-a-vis China or indeed any other emerging market, is really a discussion of how these economic structures are re-characterized in respect to the global economy. The writer maintains that the intent is to assist these markets with their internal economic structures, without compromising national integrity, so as to result in a more universal elevation of quality of life standards across the spectrum of their societies.

Outline:
Overview
China & Poverty
Success Factors
The Global/Local Connection

From the Paper
"By utilizing more accurate measures for poverty, the result is a decidedly different number relative to ascertaining the number of individuals living below the poverty line. The typical measure utilized by most Western nations and international organizations is the $1 per day measure of income which is the point at which individuals can adequately provide for themselves and their families at sustenance level and by this measure, China's poverty level increases dramatically. However, in spite of this divergence over the effectiveness in determining poverty levels, there can be no argument that China has made progress in alleviating poverty through a series of economic and development policy issues that has seen average wage increases for many .. "

Tags:poverty, globalization, trade, investment

Abstract
With the 20th century, the railroad reached maturity. Railroad building continued on a fairly extensive scale in some parts of the world, notably in Canada, China, India, and the former Soviet Union. This paper discusses how railways conditioned the development of the economy (including industrialization and improvements in agriculture), society (including urbanization and immigration), and politics (in war as well as in peace) in the United States and these four countries during the 19th and early 20th centuries (1800-1914). Paper includes a graphic and table.

From the Paper
"There was a lot of land to be explored in the United States during early 19th century. The survey map shown in Figure 1 below is the earliest in the United States that shows a commercial "tramroad." This map was drawn in Pennsylvania in October 1809 by John Thomson and was entitled "Draft Exhibiting . . . the Railroad as Contemplated by Thomas Leiper Esq. From His Stone Saw-Mill and Quarries on Crum Creek to His Landing on Ridley Creek" In 1873, the Thomson family donated the 1809 map to the Delaware County Institute of Science to substantiate the claim that the map and Leiper's railroad were the first such work in North America (Ward 1980). In 1826 a commercial tramroad had been surveyed and constructed at Quincy, Massachusetts, by Gridley Bryant, with the machinery developed by Solomon Willard. This railway used horsepower to haul granite for building the Bunker Hill Monument from the quarries at Quincy, four miles to the wharf on the Neponset River (Boorstin 1965)."

Tags:canada, century, china, india, industrial, locomotive, nineteenth, railroad, revolution, russia, soviet, union

Abstract
This paper explains that the economy of Brazil has grown dramatically since the Great Depression of the 1930s and the close of World War II in 1945. The author describes that, within the last several decades, there has been tremendous growth in areas, such as the export of minerals, farm products and manufactured goods, and an explosive movement from a basic rural society into an urban giant. The paper states that, with Brazil's geographically ideal location and immense
size, similar to China and India, it could become a leading global economic contender by the year 2050.

From the Paper
"Although Brazil's agricultural base did not expand as fast as its industrial base following World War II, its overall growth was quite substantial, due to an expansion in cultivated land (which continues to this very day as a result of rain forest depletion) from about sixteen million acres in 1920 to more than one hundred and fifteen million acres in the mid 1980's. Brazil also became the world's biggest exporter of sugar products and the second largest exporter of soybean. Today, Brazil continues to export a very large percentage of the world's coffee crop along with large amounts of cocoa and cotton."

Tags:self-sufficient, giant, urban, debt, exports