Abstract
This paper explores what Mao's initial intention was when he first launched the Cultural Revolution and why he failed to achieve his initial goals. Contesting the commonly accepted assumption that sees a purge of oppositional forces as Mao's primary intention, it argues that Mao's fundamental motive for the revolution was his strong desire to remodel China according to his communist ideals.

From the Paper
"Wang argues that Mao's strong desire to consolidate his Marxist ideals, which can be seen as the major cause of the Cultural Revolution, was driven by the fundamental contradiction within the Chinese society that time. When the Communists came to power in 1949, the new regime shared with its Republican and late-Qing predecessors the determination to strengthen the nation. China was facing two broad goals to achieve at once. One was to acquire economic and technical power so that it could develop into an advanced, powerful, industrial society. The other was to create a society based on values that conformed to Marxist concepts of social justice. China's long history of chronic poverty and inquality strongly drove its national leaders to promote both full-speed modernization and egalitarian social transformation. "

Tags:mao, proletariat, revolution, communism

Abstract
The late 1960s in China was known as the period of the Cultural Revolution and this was an attempt on the part of certain central Communist Party members to weed out dissent and to exert a tighter control. The paper discusses Jonathan Spence's "The Search for Modern China" which shows that the Cultural Revolution was a direct attack on all the old elements in Chinese society. The paper shows that what began as a push for the socialist purification of art would become pressure for the socialist purification of all aspects of society and life. The paper also examines "Chinese Awakenings" by James and Ann Tyson which documents the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution.

From the Paper
"The structure of this book takes the reader from the peasant class upward through other levels of society to show how different individuals in different social classes are reacting to the new opportunities and the new economic forces. The idea of the entrepreneur is foreign to Communist China but is becoming more accepted. The question asked is, if it is desirable that some people become rich before others, then who should the people be, and what should be the extent of the income differences? The view taken now is that those who contribute most to the creation of society's wealth, and thereby set a good example for others, deserve to become rich first, and this group includes the entrepreneurs. This group came into existence in 1978 when the government decided to permit private individuals to engage in petty trades and services--areas in which the state sector had performed poorly--to help solve a growing unemployment problem. Because they provide much-needed services and are flexible in terms of business hours and locations, the business operators have prospered in general and have tended to earn more than state employees, and this in turn has caused some resentment."

Tags:communism, Red, Guard, Lin, Pao, Tiananmen, Square

Abstract
The writer notes that the faith of the Chinese in the teachings of Chairman Mao was so strong that it permeated every aspect of urban life, both private and public. Schools rang with the teachings of communist ideals and adults both feared and praised the rules imposed on them by their government. This paper examines the effects of the communist ideal on the people of China. The writer of this article states that the movement of China toward communism was a turbulent one, resulting in social disorder. By providing the reader with an often painful inside-view of the turmoil of the classes during the Great Cultural Revolution of China in his book, "Son of the Revolution", Liang Heng reveals the strength of the Chinese people at a time when China's social structure was at its weakest. This article discusses the permeation and effects of Communist ideals in Chinese society.

From the Paper
"Additionally, although the peasants did hold some amount of reverence for Mao's ideas, they did not truly understand the purpose of the Revolution; they saw only themselves having to struggle harder to support a movement that made no sense. As a movement to "Attack the Evil Winds of Capitalism" struck the countryside, for example, rural peasants were left wondering about Mao's intent for them. Liang Heng recounts a tale of a peasant who was told to destroy his ducks - a valuable commodity to a peasant and a symbol of capitalism to the Party."

Tags:asian, communism, cultural, history, mao

Abstract
The paper illustrates how the Cultural Revolution showed continuity with the Chinese past, in that individuals were certainly expendable to the state in achieving group aims. The paper explains how Communist Chinese society would liquidate an educated, low middle class that posed no direct threat to the state or the position of Mao, but were convenient scapegoats for what Mao set out to achieve. Thus, the paper highlights how the individual did not matter at all; only the overall group objective.

Outline:
Introduction
The Unity of the People
Removing the Individual
Having the Answers
Mao as 'God'
Glorifying the Worker
The Cultural Revolution Generation
The Legacy of the Cultural Revolution
Concluding Discussion

From the Paper
"Chinese civilization has had repeated trouble in accommodating groups that are separate or somehow challenge centralized authority whose most recent form has been the government of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). When Emily Honig described the Subei before and after the 1949 Revolution she referred to a very visible instance of Chinese inequality. (1992) Honig wrote that "the dominance of Subei people in unskilled, low-paying jobs may obscure the equally important aspect of the work experience of Subei people in Shanghai - many never entered the formal labour market at all, or worked outside it." (281)"

Tags:Mao, Communism, group, peasants, working, class, scapegoats

Abstract
This paper examines how China's communist history has been marked by turmoil, resistance to change, and outside influences. It looks at how, nevertheless, the country has realized that it must cooperate economically with other countries and tolerate some private business among its citizens if it is to survive. It looks at the development of Communism over the 20th century, including the Long March and the Cultural Revolution, and analyzes how its ideology needs to change with the need for a wider economy.

From the Paper
"The Long March was where the communists were able to finally establish a strong footing in China. They fought many heroic battles and showed great determination. They suffered considerable hardship and took many winding routes through the countryside (Allan, 2001), which allowed Mao to continue what he had done best before: continue to organize the peasants. Mao wanted a classless society, and this position was something that could only help the Chinese peasants, who had lived in virtual slavery under the warlords. This broadened his base of power and eventually allowed him to take the country over."

Tags:mao, long, march, cultural, revolution

Abstract
The paper describes the history of China with specific reference to the cultural revolution. The writer compares China today with the cycles of Chinese history in order to judge the extent to which each cycle has an influence on China today. The writer discusses communism in mainland China. The writer explains that in China today, capitalism seems to have taken the place of communism. The paper cites examples of the capitalist way in which China now operates. In conclusion, the writer states that societies all over the world now realize the failures of the communist system and that all communist countries are essentially following the same path.
Table of Contents:
Thesis Statement
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The land held by the feudal lords and some very rich farmers were confiscated by the government. The rural markets were made more useful as the farmers and artisans began to control the items that they produced and could bring the same into the market for sale. As a result the hunger and malnutrition in China dropped sharply. The feudal lords and their lackeys did not have any role in the agricultural production but used to siphon off the surplus, or even the main productions for the purpose of their rich living styles. They had been the main exploiters of the rural farmers. Apart from this there was a lot of freedom for the women. This had happened due to the fact that the Communists had sent a lot of women to work in the villages to weaken the hold of the rural landlords on the working of the women in the villages. The government also passed a number of laws that gave the women the right town property and the right to divorce their abusive husbands. (The Structure of a Post-Revolutionary Economic Transformation)"

Tags:communism, capitalism, taiwan, mao

Abstract
This paper relates that China presents formidable difficulties for a foreign business people due to its vastly different culture, business ethics, and hybrid economic system, which still suffers from a hangover of the command economy of a socialist China. The author points out that, although Chinese people have a natural flair for free-market business, as is reflected in the disproportionate number of successful Chinese businesses in South East Asian countries, the extended period of controlled economy in China under Maoist Communism has dulled this spirit and severely affected the work ethics of the working people. The paper explains that, soon, private property ownership in China is certain to become constitutionally protected, which will be a landmark reform because all property has been owned by the government since the Communist revolution.

Table of Contents
Business Culture
Old habits die hard
"Guanxi" (relationship)
Bribe and Graft
Cultural Etiquette
Some Important Politico-Economic Issues

From the Paper
"Giving gifts is not necessary but acceptable. Care should be taken not to make very large or expensive gifts as they may be considered as bribes. Clocks are inappropriate as gifts for symbolic reasons. Another feature of Chinese culture is that everything is not taken at its face value. For instance, the Chinese may decline a gift more than once (up to three times) before accepting it, as easy acceptance is considered to be a sign of greed; hence it is advisable to continue to insist upon giving the gift and express a lot of pleasure once the gift is accepted. Wrap gifts in red colored paper (red is considered a lucky color) or pink and yellow (happy, prosperous colors) and use both hands while offering or receiving a gift. Avoid wrapping in white as it is the color of the funeral."

Tags:ethics, bribe, reform, gift, socialist

Abstract
This paper examines the book, "The Execution of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", by Chen Jo-hsi, a collection of short stories that show what life was like in China during the Cultural Revolution, which was created and sponsored by Chairman Mao Tse-tung. Specifically, it analyzes the author's ideas in the book and looks at how she writes of her experiences under Chinese rule and hopes to share those experiences with her readers so they understand what the Chinese people have endured under Communism.

From the Paper
"From the first story, it is clear the author does not agree with the Communist rule in China, and this is one of the main ideas she carries through the book. She calls the young Red Guard "arrogant" and this is her position all through the book. The Communists and the people that support them, especially the youthful Red Guards, are arrogant and self-righteous, and they believe in the Communist Party at the expense of everything else, even their own family. People are afraid of the Guard, and they do not trust them, which the author shows is very wise by the execution of Mayor Yin, and many other happenings in the book. These people are not to be trusted. While the Red Guard were supposed to follow the teachings of Chairman Mao, and further the Cultural Revolution, they often furthered their own goals rather than the goals of the party."

Tags:communism, mao, tse-tung, china

Abstract
The paper describes how Chinese cultural traditions shape and transform the lives of each of the main characters in Chang's work, "Wild Swans", influencing them to adopt political loyalties that eventually end up destroying their lives and true cultural traditions. The paper examines how the author reviews the political upheaval occurring in China during the 20th century, suggesting that cultural traditions impacted not only individuals' mentality and political loyalties, but were also manipulated by the government to worship someone who would ultimately destroy any semblance of culture and tradition. The paper concludes that Chang accurately reflects the obstacles faced by Chinese women living during this time as a reflection in part of cultural traditions.

Outline:
Introduction
Communism Under Mao
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Suffering is considered in Wild Swans to be the norm rather than the exception to the rule, a cultural tradition that endures through three generations in Chang's work. Through suffering each of the women believes that they are fulfilling their obligation to their leaders and the communist party. The first generation of woman represented by Chang is the concubine of a warlord. Her daughter is the second woman surveyed by Chang, and then the third the daughter again, who reflects the author's life and circumstances. Chang begins her work in the 1920s telling the tale of the grandmother who following multiple traditions and customer becomes a concubine, bound to her leader and warlord out of a sense of duty. Chang focuses much of her attention on her mother however who as a teenager becomes a communist."

Tags:Mao, feudal, Chiang, Kai-shek, Cultural, Revolution, western

Abstract
The paper analyzes the political structure, power struggles and the historical conditions that let to violent confrontations in China and Guatemala during the Cold War. The paper poses the following questions -Why did violent conflicts take place in these countries and what led to the formation of centralized power in both states? The paper further questions why participants followed some of the obviously unjust and harmful state policies. The paper concludes with an analysis of how the Cold War shaped people's lives and beliefs in these two countries.

Outline:
Introduction
Questions
Thesis
Internal
External
Political Strategies
Violent Confrontation
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Given their long history of military rule, the Cold War provided another perfect justification for Guatemalan authorities to continue their brutalization of the population, and their abuse of power. Ambitious politicians had powerful incentives to use ethnicity as a way to justify their own power-seeking plans and legitimize their rule. When power struggles were fierce, authorities portrayed other ethnicities as a threatening force in order to boost their in-group solidarity and further consolidate their own political positions. These leaders did not hesitate to do whatever was necessary to get and to keep power."

Tags:communism, capitalism, Asia, Latin, America, Chinese, Cultural, Revolution, Civil, War, Soviet, Union