Abstract This paper researches the relationship between the United States and China in regards to trading policies. A brief description of the United States' foreign policy is provided followed by an examination of the US-China trade relation from 1979 to present. The context of the research centers around the four p's in trading; power, principles, prosperity and peace and how in each area China has maintained such variables in trading. The other issues that are discussed as integral to the relationship of US-China trade are US-Soviet relations in regards to the China Card, Tiananmen Square, human rights, and labor standards. The paper concludes that the relationship between the U.S and China as described in the paper is teetering and yet, because of the WTO and foreign investments such as Boeing, trade with China is inevitable.
Outline:
China's Trade
China's Trade Relations China Card
Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989
Conclusion
From the Paper "The concept of trade between countries is one that has been prevalent since the shipping industry of early China. In fact China and its role with the WTO is one in which there exists strain. China became a member of the WTO in December of 2001. China had been an original member of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) but has since declined any efforts towards globalization. However, since its inclusion with the WTO in 2001 China is under specific WTO regulations. These regulations are highlighted as nondiscrimination in trading policies, market opening, transparency and predictability, undistorted trade, and preferential treatment towards developing countries."
Abstract This paper discusses China-Taiwan relations. The relations between the two have been a source of major concern for both the countries. The Taiwanese demand for an independent land has triggered many problems including the fear of a military uprising.
Abstract This paper looks at U.S.-China trade relations with a focus on the events of 1973. Attention is given to political and economic ramifications.
Tags:china, united states, nixon, kissinger, shanghai communique, diplomacy, trade
This paper examines three online news articles from the Chinese Peoples Daily; "Chinese President Ends Visit to Zambia," "China, Zambia Vow to Strengthen Cooperation" and "Roundup: China-Zambia Ties Cemented Through Assistance, Investment".
Abstract The paper reviews three online news articles which illustrate the growing prominence of China in the world as well as its increasingly expansive foreign policy. The paper suggests that China is following very much in the path of the former Soviet Union and notes that African nations like Zambia have made a conscious choice to become allies of the Asian superpower.
From the Paper "Over the last few decades, China has emerged as a legitimate world power; indeed, China today may be on the verge of becoming the one nation capable of challenging American global supremacy. The confidence that comes with this realization has gradually changed how the Chinese do business with the rest of the world - and the enthusiasm with which they reach out to the rest of the world. Although often overlooked, China's growing relationship with Africa reveals a country that is beginning to see a more expansive role for itself on the international stage - and Chinese dailies like the People's Daily are well aware of this, judging from the attention granted to a recent visit to the African nation of Zambia by President Hu Jintao."
Abstract This paper takes a look at Pakistan-China bilateral relations. The paper discusses how despite ideological differences, the rationale for Pakistan seeking close bilateral relations with China is obvious. The paper analyzes the reasons why China decided to reciprocate and discusses main factors that helped to forge Pakistan-China bilateral relations from the 1950s onwards.
From the Paper "China had nothing preventing it from establishing strong ties with Pakistan but just because it was possible didn't imply any necessity to pursue the cause. To understand what pushed China into a friendship that -over the years- has been considered by some to be the next best thing to brotherhood, the geo-political labyrinth that China found itself in during the three decades after the revolution must be examined. "
Tags: communism, global, socialist, islamic, ideologies, Kashmir, india, cold, war
Abstract The entry of China into the world economy fuels a clash of ideals between those who see it as an opportunity for greater markets and those who stick closely to Maoist ideals and fear the threat to security that this new deal brings. Although it may seem like an opportunity to grow capital markets on a global basis, there are many cultural barriers in the way. This paper examines three aspects of US-China trade relations: China's access to foreign capital, China's access to technology and China's access to NAFTA goods.
From the Paper "Another aspect of trade between the US and China is that in 1999 the US already had a massive trade deficit with China. The US imported far more goods from China than it exported. The entrance of China into the WTO gives them even more access to goods in the United States, however, due to NAFTA this will include Mexican and Canadian goods as well. Some in the United States fear that this will only serve to widen the trade deficit that already exists."
Abstract This paper review the past history of China international relations and trade when it kept to itself, feeling no need for communication or trade with the rest of the world. The author points out that this Chinese attitude remained unchanged for almost two centuries. The paper stresses that, since the late 1970s, China has relaxed controls and joined the worldwide globalization movement resulting in an explosion of international trade.
From the Paper "For centuries China kept to itself, feeling no need for communication or trade with the rest of the world. As Emperor Ch'ien Lung wrote to England's King George III in 1793: "... Our ways have no resemblance to yours ... we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures." Chinese attitudes remained very much unchanged from this point of view for almost two more centuries. However, the last twenty-five years, since the late 1970s, have seen an explosion of international trade with China, as it has relaxed controls and joined the worldwide globalization movement."
Abstract This paper states that, because of the ideological differences, national security is a major political issue that troubles the U.S. government in allowing the proliferation and rapid investment in China by U.S. businesses. The paper points out that China's large population and availability of cheap labor makes it attractive to outside businesses.
The author believes that, if China is to develop further, it must improve its core infrastructure.
Table of Contents
China's Appeal for Multinational Corporations
Economic Assets and Problems
Businesses Likely to Succeed in the Short-run
More Insights
From the Paper "Again, China's inability to keep up with growing industrialization and as a result growing demand for resources such as electricity can result in a dampening effect on growth, if not addressed. Another consequence of China's rapid economic growth has been severe environmental pollution and China now accounting for over 13% of the world's carbon emissions. Failure to check this will lead to growing health care problems, which may add to the burden of providing for the weaker sections of society."
Abstract This paper contrasts West Africa and China on several dimensions. The author includes population, origins and early history and religion. The paper relates the current day economics, government and general global power.
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to provide a very brief overview of differences and similarities between Africa represented by West Africa and Asia represented by China. The two areas are compared and contrasted on several dimensions including ..."
Abstract The paper discusses whether or not the current George W. Bush administration views China as a 'threat', with regard to the realist argument of a 'China threat theory'. The paper discusses the theory surrounding the concept of a 'China threat', identifies and discusses key issues in contemporary debate around the subject, and analyzes official publications from a variety of US governmental departments. The paper comments that despite there being some evidence to suggest that the United States does view China as a threat, these instances relate to very specific military scenarios involving a collapse in the status quo over Taiwan, or indirectly through China's proliferation to third parties. The paper concludes that the realist argument of a 'China threat' based on economic/militaristic growth, is unable to encapsulate the complexity of inter-state relations, and provides only a one-sided, often 'worst-case' scenario of US-Sino relations. Subsequently the paper criticizes not only the realist argument but also the western nature of the debate itself.
Outline:
Introductory Chapter
Introduction
Aims and Limitation
Structure
Research Method
Main Chapter
Literature Review
Theoretical Background
Realism, Containment and the 'China threat'
Liberalism, Engagement and the 'China threat'
Contemporary Debate
Documentary Analysis
Introduction and US Strategic Objectives
China's Global Economic Reach
Weapons/Technology Proliferation
The Taiwan Strait Issue & Military Expansion
Summary and Conclusion of Analysis
Concluding Chapter
Conclusion
From the Paper "The method used to address the research question in this qualitative research is documentary analysis, and the reason why this method has been chosen is because official US government documents either directly state foreign policy, provide insight into governmental thinking, or provide assessment on the motives and capabilities of the Chinese government. Whilst it is important to recognise that documentation (no matter how official) 'construct particular kinds of representation using their own conventions', and are not necessarily objective facts, we can still apply validity to their claims by analysing them in the context of their 'organizational settings, [and] the cultural values attached to them'. Therefore, in analysing documents, it is possible to identify what the text establishes as relevant, what values are conveyed, and how these are related."
This paper is a detailed analysis of the literature relating to the United States trade policy with China and its affects on civil liberties within China.
Abstract This work makes a thorough review of the available literature relating to U.S. trade relations and policy with China, as well as the impact that free trade has had upon human civil rights and democracy in the country of China. The paper states that one of the important outcomes of free trade in the country of China has been the reduction of poverty. This in turn, according to the paper, has lead to growing power vested in citizens of the country and less power vested in the ruling party. Furthermore, it asserts that the rapid change in China has been termed to be a 'transformation' in many primary aspects of living demonstrated in the improved economic and financial aspects in China, as well as serving to impact political aspects in the country as well. The paper concludes that the government in China does not appear to be ready to shun the economic benefits of trade liberalization even if that means making room for the effects of democratization that goes along with economic benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
Idealism versus Realism
Free Trade: U.S.and China Trade Relations Trade Liberalization and Democratization
Creeping Democratization (Minxin, 1995)
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The work of Ying Ma relates that in spite of what the United States or even the citizens of China may desire, 'the Chinese Government has so far quashed and neutralized pressure for fundamental political change. Beijing controls and stunts precisely those instruments that contribute to the success of broad-cased domestic opposition: It cracks down on political opponents, co-opts potential ones, and indoctrinates the masses. It is eagerly attempting to maximize economic modernization while minimizing its liberalizing effects.' (Ma, 2007) Ying Ma states that there are several 'concrete steps' that might assist promotion of democracy in China. The first of these steps is that 'the United States should not wade into the quandary of slowing Chinese economic growth and cannot stop the Chinese government from institutionalization itself or co-opting its rival political groups,...' however it is possible that the U.S. can do more toward combating 'other sources of authoritarian resilience by strengthening China's political opposition and countering the regime's restriction of coordination goods that range from press freedom to the ability to organize.'"
Abstract The paper reveals that the United States, despite the fact that it publicly opposed the apartheid policy in South Africa, failed to deny any trading or political talks with the country. The paper offers a brief introduction to the history of South Africa, the policy of apartheid and its geostrategic implications for South Africa. The paper analyzes US policy towards South Africa and its role in the changes that took place in the country and shows how US policy was determined by the strategic interest in the region rather than the moral implication the apartheid policy had on the population in the country.
From the Paper "The Cold War was one of the most interesting and at the same time morally contradictory periods in the history of the human kind. It allowed states to publicly condemn other states and fight against their injustice and peace while at the same time actions were taken to boost economic ties and development, despite any sanctions or embargos imposed on the countries. One of the most relevant examples of the way in which the strategic thought tends to surpass the moral beliefs and considerations is the situation of the United States and South Africa during the Cold War but in particular during the period between the 1960s and the 1990s. This time in the history of the world and of the Cold War is of crucial importance because it laid the foundations for further diplomatic talks but at the same time it set the trend for the actual direction in which real politics was being conducted."
Abstract This paper examines and analyzes AIDS in Tropical Africa. Issues covered include recent statistics relating to different countries within Africa, spatial distribution and patterns of spread, and an evaluation of the social, cultural, and behavioral reasons why AIDS is spreading so rapidly. The paper concludes with a discussion of strategies for prevention, projects to reduce the spread of AIDS, and the use of drugs in AIDS treatments in Africa.
Abstract This paper discusses the trade patterns between the United States and China throughout the years. The paper examines the history of China as a government, particularly as a political and economic power in the Asian region. The paper explains that the history of trade between the two countries can be traced best through three periods in history, which may also be identified as the three phases of China's establishment and development of trade relations with the United States. These phases are explored in the paper and include early trade relations between the two countries in the first century AD, the period after the collapse of the Socialist experiment in Asia, and the integration of China into the world market.
From the Paper "The first phase involves early trade relations between the two countries in the first century AD, a period wherein the barter system was in operation. During this period, US has yet to be known as an independent nation, and was simply referred to as the Americas. Trade between China and the Americas simply involved the exchange of essential goods that each country had-China with its supply of silk, gun powder, and porcelain, and the Americas with its staple foodstuffs. In this phase, trade was in its crudest form, and would be hampered with the increasing level of isolation that China had imposed upon itself through the coming years. Thus, after the first phase, trade relations between the two countries lagged, and eventually became non-existent, especially with the development of China in the early- and mid-20th century as a Communist country."
Abstract The paper discusses how for a brief time in the latter half of the 19th century, there was a huge increase in communications and cordial relations between Great Britain and China. However, this had nothing to do with friendship, or any kind of warm relationships. The paper explains that on the side of China, diplomacy seemed the wisest course of action for the faltering Ch'ing dynasty. On the British side, diplomacy was pursued purely in the interests of commerce. These two assertions can clearly be shown by examining relations between the two countries during the time period 1860 to 1864.
