Abstract
This paper details the causes and dangers of the homeless street children (meninos de rua) epidemic in Brazil and compares this environment to a child's life of extreme poverty in Brazil's shantytowns, favelas. Next, the author points out the street children have unique support networks, galeras in which the children look after one another. The paper concludes that the life of children on the streets may be better for many children in comparison to the living conditions in the favelas. To solve the problem of the meninos de rua, the Brazilian government must solve the economic inequality that creates the favelas.

From the Paper
"In 1993, eight meninos de rua were shot and killed as they slept on the steps of the Candelaria church in Rio de Janeiro. A garbage collector witnessed the attack and identified three military policemen as the killers. One officer was sentenced to thirty years in prison for the murders, but the other two men were acquitted. This incident, known as the Candelaria Massacre, was largely responsible for widespread media attention that was focused on the police death squads that killed many street children in the mid-1990s. The ensuing media frenzy brought the world's attention to Brazil."

Tags:favelas escape, mass migration, informal groups, ngo

Abstract
This paper takea a close look at a certain tragic vulnerable population that can be found in cities and elsewhere across the United States: the homeless. There is a particular focus on homeless children, or street kids, and how homelessness adversely affects such young people. The paper gives a description of the selected population, the significance of problems related to their vulnerability, related health and social problems, an evaluation of the adequacy of current strategies to break the cycle of vulnerability, and a proposal for community and public health nursing interventions that may help correct the problem.

From the Paper
"Throughout the United States, mostly in the country's larger cities, but also in suburban and rural areas, there is a mounting problem that is creating and tragically vulnerable population. This problem is that of homelessness and the population it affects is diverse and far-reaching. Those who have found themselves homeless can range from sufferers of mental illness, those subjected to poverty, those who are out of work, and those with substance abuse problems. But the most tragic victims of the rash of homelessness seen in America are homeless children. Without proper health care, without proper nutrition, without roofs over their heads and beds to sleep in, homeless children, or street kids, do not have much of a chance to live happy, healthy lives. "

Tags:nursing, homeless, children

Abstract
This paper examines Elijah Anderson's "The Code of the Streets" which introduces the idea that violence, aggression, stealing and other socially deviant behaviors are not perceived as infractions of rules, but rather conforming to a different standard, a different set of rules. Anderson does an adequate job of setting forth his ideas, along with providing sufficient evidence to support them. It criticizes Anderson's perspective of street families and decent families when he describes inner city life and his portrayal of abusive mothers who beat their children and let them run riot.

From the Paper
"The contrasts between street families, and decent families are not always easily observed. As Anderson points out, most street families appear on the surface to be decent families. (Anderson, p. 157) The appearance of having "calm, respectful children" is often what the mother wants most, more than happy children. (Anderson, p. 157) Her desire for such a family is often so strong that she is "quick to beat her children if they defy her law." (Anderson, p. 157) Anderson concludes that this abusive behavior is often perceived as acceptable behavior within the inner city the disapproval from the wider society as a whole. (Anderson, p. 157)"

Tags:families, children, mothers, violence, aggression

Abstract
The paper examines how the characters in "Midnight's Children" dictated the post-colonial values of personal life that have affected the writing style of Salman Rushdie as he dictates how western culture and economics still dominate India after Independence. The paper discusses how although the direct rule of the British and the Americans is not seen in the streets or in the physical property owned by Indians, the post-colonial culture and economic standards often create a identity crisis for Indians that must live through the constant bombardment of western culture over their own.

Tags:india, rushdie, children

Abstract
This paper deals with the topic of street children and how the issues of child labor and child rights affect their overall placement within the context of various countries around the world. Various statistics are presented regarding the current estimates of street children. The paper also considers the hardships of street children and the dangers of them potentially falling victim to an unscrupulous person.

From the Paper
"This paper shall deal with the topic of street children and how the issues of child labor and child rights affect their overall placement within the context of various countries around the world. Current estimates put the number of street children somewhere between 200-250 million worldwide (International Labour Organization, 2008). Each child's reason may be different for having ended up living on the street, but the end result is the same. A street child must deal with the hardships of not only potentially falling victim to an unscrupulous person, but a street child may also be lacking in the educational knowledge that is protected by..."

Tags:children, labor, rights

Abstract
This paper takes a look at children's television programming. The field study was done by watching three different television programs: Mr. Roger's Neighborhood, Blue's Clues, and Sesame Street and the conclusions were made according to child psychology teachings.

From the Paper
"Television is not simply an electronic toy or one of the many forms of entertainment" (Craig, 320). It is a pervasive influence in the lives of children, and this is what sparked my interest in children's television programming for this research project. For my field study, I watched Mr.Roger's neighborhood, Blue's Clues, and Sesame Street over Thanksgiving break. After viewing these programs, some patterns in their methods of teaching their audience became evident. Different methods were used to encourage cognitive development of the young children who watch the shows. All three of the television programs were common in the fact that they aimed at education as well as entertainment for their audience. This fact is crucial, especially since most children watch a lot of television when they are growing up, while they are in their optimal learning period of life. The education/ entertainment mix is crucial for these programs to be successful. If a television show were merely educational without any attempt at being entertaining, children would not want to watch them. It is true that many children show signs that they like learning, but they also have a short attention span, so a television show must be entertaining to keep their attention on the show long enough to learn from it. On the flip side, it would defeat the purpose of trying to make television educational for children to watch show that is merely entertaining. This is why a mix of the two is necessary for an educational program to succeed."

Tags:child, children, effects, psychology, television, tv, Rogers, Neighborhood, Blue's, Clues, Sesame, Street

Abstract
An examination of David Nasaw's "Children of the City" which is a study of the children of immigrants whose primary playground and place of employment was the streets of American cities. Nasaw covers the period 1900-1920 and the working-class children whose employment was not based on desperate need, but who did not have the complete leisure that middle class children possessed. It shows that Nasaw's principal thesis is that the experience of these children was overwhelmingly positive as they set up systems of rivalry and cooperation in their neighborhoods, frequently mixed with children of various ethnic backgrounds, learned numerous skills that would be essential to their futures, and assimilated to the American scene at a great rate.

From the Paper
"Nasaw begins with a description of the face of the new city of this era: electric lighting; elaborate department stores; restaurants and theaters that catered to the middle class; afternoon editions of newspapers; the nickelodeons and motion picture houses; and, family-oriented vaudeville. All of these innovations had in common the improvement of consumption and, as Nasaw shows, much of the change that took place at the time--especially in this generation of children, was the elevation of consumption to a right or a duty. At the same time, however, the rapid increase in land prices in nearly every growing American city meant that recent immigrants and the rest of the working and poor classes "were forced to live in spaces that should have remained uninhabited" (10). The terrible conditions of dark, airless tenements--with whole families occupying single rooms for the night while they rented out the remainder of their space to others--disappointed many new arrivals. But, in vivid contrast, new arrivals marveled at the differences in such things as the amount of meat that was consumed, the availability of fresh produce in winter, and the presence of canned foods. And, of course, they also saw the display of wealth in every other part of the city."

Tags:immigration, assimilation, street, culture

Abstract
This paper studies the particularly difficult social plight of children in Brazil. As the author explains, there are fifty five million children under the age of sixteen in the country, of whom as many as twelve million are homeless, living on the streets and/or working in child labor, including in extremely abusive situations. The paper provides a detailed assessment of the various problems (as shown in the below outline) and then discusses solutions to them, both governmental and non-governmental. The paper concludes with a number of case studies about non-profit organizations that have endeavored to change the situation for Brazil's children.
Introduction to Brazil
Introduction to Societal Problems Involving the Children of Brazil
Homelessness
Death Squads
Child Labor
Child Prostitution
Sexual Abuse from Working as Domestic Servants
Why the Children Work
Solutions
Solutions Regarding the Death Squad Killings
Governmental Assistance
Law and Enforcement
Education Initiatives by the Government
Children Working and Attending School at the Same Time
Specific Targeted Programs
Assistance from Various Organizations
Happy Family
Amizade
Goat-to-School Program
Eliminating Child Labor in the Shoe Industry
Hope for the Future

From the Paper
"Surprisingly, for its rather quiet history, and in spite of its rapid industrialization and economic growth, Brazil has some very serious social problems today. Cities are polluted and crime is rampant. The gap between the rich and poor continues to grow. The gap, in fact, is among the most substantial in the world (1999 Country Reports). As the United States Department of State noted, in 1995, the richest twenty percent of the Brazilian population received 63 percent of the nation's income, and the poorest fifty percent of the nation accounted for only twelve percent of the nation's income. The widening gap between rich and poor also may be seen in the availability (or lack thereof) of food, education, medical care, and services such as water supply, sewerage, electricity, and other basic needs required for daily living (1999 Country Reports)."

Tags:Homelessness, Death, Squads, Child, Labor, Prostitution, Sexual, Abuse, Domestic, Servants, Work, Governmental, Assistance, Education, Initiatives, Happy, Family, Amizade, Goat-to-School

Abstract
This paper explores the benefits of children's television programing, with a special focus on "Sesame Street". The paper provides a brief history of childrens programs as well as of "Sesame Street" specifically, from its first airing in 1969. The paper explains how shows like Sesame Street have enormous benefit in sending a great message to children of all backgrounds and cultures, evident by its translation and creation in many countries from Israel and the Palestinian territories, to Russia, China, Australia etc. The paper concludes with the writer's own experiences of watching t.v. as a kid.

From the Paper
"The recognition of children's television programming as a useful tool for education has been present since the inception of programming that is geared directly towards children and their education. Within the world of children's television there are several mainstay programs which are independently recognized as the gems of educational television. Among the very cream of the crop stands Sesame Street. The program has been around for many years and has been a recognized leader since its first airing in 1969."

Tags:kids, tv, education, learning, cartoons

Abstract
This paper describes a hypothetical project for helping the street children in Paraguay prepared by the Executive Director of a small non-governmental, non-profit charity organization (NGO). The project report has been prepared for the approval of a donor agency that has allocated one million dollars for the project.

Report Outline
1. Why Paraguay?
2. Country Overview
3. Present Condition of Street Children in Asuncion
4. Mission Statement
5. Strategic Plan: includes Objectives and Scope of project, Monitoring and Evaluation, Sustainability and Future Plan
6. Implementing the Plan: Includes Recruiting, Training, Involving the Community and Budget
7. Likely Problems
8. Likely Outcome

From the Paper
"While there are no precise statistics available, it is estimated that there are approximately 15,000 "street children" in Asuncion alone. These children consist of both boys and girls who work in the streets in various occupations, ranging from beggar to street vendor. In addition, there are more than 200 children who live in the streets, and have nowhere to go to sleep at night. ("Human Rights Report" on Paraguay, 2001) A majority of the children who work in the streets have families, but these families are highly dysfunctional: they force the children to bring home a specified amount of money each night, or they are punished by their parents."

Tags:human, rights, neglect, sexual, abuse, shelter