Abstract This paper discusses how advertising influences children and ultimately may impact purchasing decisions in a household. The author describes how different techniques are used in creating advertisements geared for children rather than adults. Lego's current advertising strategy for one of its products is used as an example. Additionally, a psychological study is used to confirm the best advertising methods for targeting children, and how these methods are incorporated into Lego's campaign. The author concludes that media-saturated children and parents who cannot say no have created a marketing opportunity for toy companies.
From the Paper "The study concluded: "advertising directed at adults, for adult products, tends to aim at building brand loyalty, focusing on product characteristics that are perceived to be of long-term value. On the other hand, children's products must be updated frequently, reflecting the latest theme or character in order to grab attention. Advertising aimed at children does not focus on brand loyalty, but on the new and exciting features and tie-ins that are available."(Briesch, Bridges, & Kim, 2004) This study did not focus on children's products, but on all products in the household in general, noting that even in terms of decisions like eating out, buying breakfast cereals and toothpaste, and other decisions that affect the health habits of the entire household, children have a powerful influence. This influence is magnified, however, with products that are exclusively used by the child, perhaps because the parental will is less stalwart when dealing with products that are child-exclusive."
This paper discusses the factors that determine if the impact of divorce on children and parents is positive or negative and how extensive the impact is for the children.
Abstract The following paper explores the psychological impact the high rate of marital breakdown have on children and how these effects impact on society. The marital breakdown addressed in this paper is between heterosexual couples. To examine this topic a review of literature has been conducted. A comparison of children living in intact families and children living in divorced families has been completed to demonstrate the similarities and differences. This paper also discusses the effects on members of society of the high divorce rate and the positive outcomes of divorce.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Mediators of Divorce Economic Effects of Divorce Effects of Conflict on Children Effects of Absence of Non-Custodial Parents Effects of Remarriage
Long Term Effects of Divorce on Children Effects on Society
The Positive Consequences of Divorce
From the Paper "Some children experience an easier adjustment to divorce while others display difficulties for a long period of time. Factors have been identified that ease the adjustment for children. These conditions include supportive interactions with family members and friends, having effective coping strategies and accessibility to any needed mental health interventions (Cooney, Hutchinson and Leather). The effects of divorce can be lessened also if the parents act without hostility, if children's relationships with their parents are continuous, and if the children's financial needs are provided for by the parents (Thompson and Amato). Thus, reducing life stresses will moderate the impact of divorce on children."
Abstract This paper examines the problems children face upon the loss of a parent due to divorce or death. The paper provides a literature review which includes long-term studies on the effects of divorce on children. The paper further explains that these effects may include school problems, or more serious issues such as dropping out, drug use and crime. The author cites research that supports the view that the trauma of divorce for children is in some ways more complex and has wider developmental and psychological ramifications than the experience of death. Both death and divorce are extreme experiences in a child's life and both can have a wide range of native psychological and developmental repercussions.
From the Paper "The possible long-term impact of divorce can be seen in recent figures which show that children from broken homes are often more prone to drug addiction and the dependency on chemicals. A study by the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta states that, "... 75% of children/adolescents in chemical dependency hospitals are from single-parent families." (A Generation At Risk) The reason for chemical dependency among children from divorced homes can also be linked to the development of behavioral problems that can result for the effect of the loss of a parent. As a finding for the National Center for Health Statistics states: "1 out of 5 children have a learning, emotional, or behavioral problem due to the family system changing." (A Generation At Risk) "
Abstract Each year two million children experience the turmoil and emotional intensity of their parents' divorce and struggle to make sense of complex events. They will be forced to adapt to new environments and to less nurturing and attention from their parents. The number of children affected by divorce has more than tripled since 1960. Rates of divorce and remarriage (and in half of remarriages, another divorce) have soared in the United States, and the odds in the U.S. are about 50% now that a divorce will occur in a household before the children have grown up. How children function academically after the divorce is the focus of this essay.
From the Paper "Nearly always, the parents who are getting the divorce have less time and emotional capacity for parenting their children. They are involved in their own emotional crisis. For some children this becomes permanent. They have to grow up fast and help hold things together at home. They lose their childhood. As Sun and Li (2002) point out, "divorce had serious negative consequences on the psychological well being of children both before and after the divorce and... these negative effects could not be attributed to the pre-divorce conditions within the family" (cited in Children of Divorce web site)."
Abstract This paper demonstrates children of divorcedparents may experience anger, withdrawal, rebellion and sometimes even poor academic performance. The paper argues that some school violence may be a result of broken homes. These children are greatly affected by their parentsdivorce which often results in long term psychological issues.
From the Paper "Long ago were the days when there were more intact marriages than divorce. In today's society, divorce is as common as catching a cold. Unfortunately, divorce is often followed with negative effects. Some people end their marriage amicably while others end up in messy court battles. However, divorce can be damaging when children are involved. Children are often the innocent victims of custody battles, witnesses to parental fighting, and subject to a rearranged, single-parent household. Children of divorced parents may experience anger, withdrawal, rebellion and sometimes even poor academic performance."
Abstract This paper examines how the family has changed significantly in the fifty-year period from 1940 to 1990. It discusses how one of the major issues of the 1990's is divorce, with divorce having a significant impact on the family. It attempts to evaluate the impact of divorce on the 1940's family and compares it to that of the 1990's family. The ideal family of the early 1940's was one based on the father working and the mother looking after the house and children. fter World War II, women began to enter the workforce more increasing the change of social values. This trend continued up to the present where divorce is increasingly common and families are increasingly complex because of this. In the 1990's, families no longer have the traditional mother and father. Instead, families include single-parent families, ones where custody is shared between two parents and ones where children have parents, stepparents, stepsisters and stepbrothers. Rather than hope for a return to a traditional family, society needs to change to support the new family structures that are emerging. The reality is that society has changed and that divorce is one of the results.
From the Paper "The family of the 1940's was one of change. World War II meant that women found themselves forced to take on greater roles at home. Women became part of the workforce and became more independent. At this time on history, divorce was allowed but not totally accepted. One book on the subject of the changing nature of divorce notes that the law represents the dominant social views of this time (Phillips 314). The divorce law at this time was one of fault-based divorce. Weitzman (48) describes this approach as one that was based on protecting marriage. Divorce was still allowed but only based on proving a fault of one party, such as abusiveness, adultery or cruelty."
Abstract This paper examines the social problems of children of divorcedparents and looks at possible solutions to these problems. This paper reviews research that examines the social and emotional problems of these children but concludes that more research is needed. The author believes that the most important thing is that children get help from their parents to make the transition of the divorce as smooth and painless as possible.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Children and Trust
Adolescent Well-Being
Children's Success and Family Structures
The Fear of Abandonment
Lasting Effects?
Conclusions
From the Paper "Children of divorced parents often have concerns about abandonment, feeling that the other parent may abandon them as well, especially if the parent who left the marriage and the home is not around very often to see the children or speak with them. They also can have trouble as they grow into adolescents, because they really need the love and support of both parents to get through this difficult period of growing up. Adolescence is an extremely difficult and vulnerable time for children, and they desperately need the support of both of their parents, even if they don't live in the same house anymore."
Abstract This paper cites numerous studies and research about the negative effects that divorce has on children and looks at how lasting these effects are. The paper also points out that these studies indicate that the damaging effects from divorce do not have to be lasting and that, often, children of divorcedparents grow up to be more resourceful and resilient as a result of the divorce and the pain they suffered going through the divorce process.
From the Paper "There is something unnatural about divorce, yet often necessary at the same time. Unfortunately, divorce has become commonplace in today's society. Most families have been affected by divorce, whether by parents, uncles, aunts, sisters, brothers, or cousins. The majority of people have at least one family member who has had a divorce, and unless that family member was some distant cousin seen once a decade or so, that divorce had an effect on every other family member. For example, Aunt Susie and Uncle Fred have divorced, so after seventeen years, Aunt Susie will no longer be celebrating Christmas or vacationing with Uncle Fred's relatives, and vise versa, thus two entire families are affected as bonds are severed between family members. As difficult as it might be to adjust to Christmas without Aunt Susie as one big happy family, for children of divorced parents, adjusting to losing the unity of both parents can be overwhelming."
Abstract Although there is little doubt that divorce has a negative impact on the academic achievement of children, the underlying causes of diminished performance are not clearly understood. The following literature review examines a number of recent research studies to help understand potential underlying causes of poor academic performance in children of divorcedparents.
Introduction
Literature Review
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "The divorce rate in the United States is rising at an alarming rate. Just after the Civil War, approximately 5% of marriages in the United States ended in divorce. The divorce rate increased to approximately 10% by the 1920s and approximately 35% by the mid 1960's. By 1990, the divorce rate in the United States had risen to 50%. In a span of 125 years, the divorce rate in the United States increased by 900%. These rising divorce rates have undoubtedly had a profound effect on children. In 1988, 15% of all children lived with a divorced or separated parent. Presently, more than one million children per year experience a parental divorce. In the 1960's, almost 90% of children lived in homes with two biological parents. By 1995, approximately 18.9 million children under the age of 18 lived with one."
Abstract In this paper, a journal study is compared to a popular review of the research that it covers. The writer notes that the popular review, from Prevention Magazine Online, is a brief overview and embellishes the results of the in-depth study on intervention and skill-building in at-risk families after divorce. Further, the writer points out that the journal study used was "Risk as a Moderator of the Effects of Prevention Programs for Children from Divorced Families".
From the Paper In "Risk Moderation of the Effects of Prevention Programs for Children from Divorced Families: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study," Dawson-McClure, Sandler, Wolchik, and Millsap conduct a study of 218 families over 6 years to identify the effects of prevention programs in preventing mental health problems in children from divorced homes. In these studies, the researchers used resilience-building prevention methods, such as effective parenting training, to directly combat the stress and negative experiences that often lead to mental anguish in children."
Abstract This paper examines how single-parent households are common due to divorce, death of a spouse, the increased number of unmarried individuals raising children, and other socio-economic reasons. It explores how this gradual change in demographics over the years has greatly impacted the lives of children from all backgrounds and how one of these impacts has concerned the relocation of the custodial parent. It examines how this continues to be a much-debated issue that is not close to being resolved.
From the Paper "About 11 million children or 28 percent of all children under 18 live in homes with only one parent according to the Bureau of the Census. This is more than triple than that in 1960, although the increase has slowed. In about 85 percent of these single-parent households, the mother is custodian, although the number of father-only families more than doubled between 1980 and 1982. One of the major effects of single-parenting is the reduction in income. Married fathers earn the most, followed by single fathers and then single mothers. A large proportion of single mothers are either at or just above poverty rates. This significantly affects health and physical and mental well being."
Abstract This paper discusses the possible causes and the harmful effects of divorce in the United States. It outlines the most common causes of divorce according to the experts: no-fault divorce laws, financial hardships, low levels of satisfaction and commitment, infidelity, poor communication and lack of conflict resolution skills and describes how the important and most devastating for the entire nation is the negative effect that divorce has on the young children belonging to divorcedparents.
From the Paper "Money problem is by far the most common and the Number one cause of divorce in the United States. Most couples experiencing the pains of a constrained relationship opt for divorce only because of their inability to cordially solve the issue of finances. Constant fighting over the money results in the rising tension followed by disintegration of the family. National statistics reveal "as many as 70 percent of divorcing couples attribute the breakdown of their marriage to arguments about money" (Carter et al: E4)."
Abstract This paper discusses how children whose parents take an active role, as found in the authoritative style of parenting, are more likely to be resilient than those with depressive, uninvolved parents. Children are influenced by many factors in their lives, but their parents are the single-most influential factor. The paper further discusses how parenting style and involvement in their children's lives can make a difference in their children's success as adults.
From the Paper "Children are products of both their environments and their genetics. The manner in which children are raised has a great deal of effect on their eventual adulthood. Children raised with sufficient structure and guidance, in general, are more successful than their peers who are not. Two forms of structure can influence children's lives. Children can live in a structured world, in which parents control and schedule various aspects of their children's lives. The second form of structure, discussed in this paper, deals with a kind of parenting style. This kind of structure takes two forms. Parenting styles can be authoritarian or authoritative, the structured form. Or, they can be permissive, the unstructured form. Each style of parenting has its own benefits and limitations. "
Abstract This paper examines the impact of various forms of mass media upon children. Specifically, the paper focuses on the impact of videos, TV shows, movies and the Internet. The paper takes a look at how each media can lead to potentially disastrous outcomes if not enough is done by parents to stem the over-exposure of their children to violent or unhealthy programs, games, or films. The paper also devotes some time to looking at a few important but often under-valued steps parents can take that will protect their children with regards to all of the various types of media outlined above.
From the Paper "Excessive television watching, just like excessive time in front of a computer screen playing video games of one kind or another, can harm children in many more ways than merely psychologically. For one thing, too much television viewing can negatively impact a child's eating habits, weight, physical activity, interest in scholastic matters, physical health, and school performance. Every bit as troubling, a child's sleep patterns and his or her susceptibility to seizures can genuinely be affected by how much television he or she chooses to watch (Gupta, 1994). Parents who fail to understand these facts run the distinct risk of endangering the health and long-term welfare of their children."
Tags: media, children, youth, parents, internet, video, movies, film
Abstract This paper reviews a longitudinal study conducted by Pennsylvania State University, which reveals that the effects of divorce on children depend on the parents? marriage. Children of couples who fight a lot tend to fare better psychologically and socially after divorce than do the children of couples whose marriages show few outward signs of stress. The author points out that a new book, "The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce,'' by psychologist Judith Wallerstein, based on a recent study, argues that emotional complications are common among adult children of divorcedparents, although many of these complications may not be fully evident until decades after the breakup. The paper cites a recent report by Kather and Rembar at Children's Psychiatric Hospital, University of Michigan, that a father lost through divorce is associated with diminished self-concepts in children and that one of the most devastating affects on a child is fear of abandonment by the remaining parent.
Table of Contents
Parent's Marriage, Child Post-Divorce Implications for a Child's Future
View of Children in a Divorcing Family
A Summary of Effects
From the Paper "On the positive side, the researchers found that the adult children of divorced parents have strong survival instincts. The same experiences that hindered relationships were effective in the workplace. The study participants had a good deal of success getting along with difficult people, and those who had mothers who often said one thing and fathers who said another became adept at making up their own minds.
The study also compared the adults from divorced families to 44 adults from intact families. Children of intact marriages took strength from their parents' decision to stay together, the researchers found, even though the marriage may have had conflict and unhappiness similar to those of families that broke up."
Tags: signs, complications, decades, abandon, father
